Çàâäàííÿ äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü
ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè
äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â 2 êóðñó çàî÷íîãî ôàêóëüòåòó
2005
Çàâäàííÿ äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè äëÿ
ñòóäåíò³â 2 êóðñó çàî÷íîãî ôàêóëüòåòó /Óêëàä. Ñåð㺺âà Ã.À., Õîäàêîâñüêà Î.Î..-
Õ.: Íàö. þðèä. àêàä. Óêðà¿íè, 2005.- 32 ñ.
Ç Ì ² Ñ Ò
Çàãàëüí³ ïîëîæåííÿ.................................................... ²²² ñåìåñòð..................................................................... Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³
âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ............................... Îñíîâíèé òåêñò
(ÎÒ1)................................................... ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³
çàâäàííÿ................................................. Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ
äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ.............................. Äîäàòêîâèé
òåêñò (ÄÒ1)................................................ Äîäàòêîâèé
òåêñò (ÄÒ2)................................................ ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³
çàâäàííÿ................................................. Çàâäàííÿ
äëÿ êîíòðîëüíî¿ ðîáîòè............................... IV ñåìåñòð..................................................................... Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³
âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ............................... Îñíîâíèé òåêñò
(ÎÒ2)................................................... ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³
çàâäàííÿ................................................. Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ
äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ.............................. Äîäàòêîâèé
òåêñò (ÄÒ3)................................................ ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³
çàâäàííÿ................................................. |
4 5 5 7 9 12 12 14 15 18 22 22 24 26 28 28 30 |
ÇÀÃÀËÜͲ ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÍß
Âèäàííÿ ïðèçíà÷åíî äëÿ
ñòóäåíò³â-þðèñò³â ²² êóðñó çàî÷íî¿ ôîðìè íàâ÷àííÿ ³ âõîäèòü äî ñêëàäó
íàâ÷àëüíî-ìåòîäè÷íîãî êîìïëåêñó, îñíîâîþ ÿêîãî º áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷íèê[*].
Ïðèíöèï ïîäàííÿ ìàòåð³àëó â
ïðîïîíîâàíîìó âèäàí-í³, ôîðìóëþâàííÿ çàâäàíü òà ¿õ ïîñë³äîâíèé âèêëàä íàäàº
ìîæëèâ³ñòü óñåá³÷íî îïàíóâàòè îñíîâí³ ìåòîäè ðîáîòè ç ôà-õîâîþ ë³òåðàòóðîþ.
³äïîâ³äíî äî ãîëîâíî¿ ö³ëüîâî¿
íàñòàíîâè “Çàâäàííÿ ...” ñêëàäàþòüñÿ ç òàêîãî íàâ÷àëüíîãî ìàòåð³àëó:
– ïåðåäòåêñòîâèõ çàâäàíü,
ÿê³ ìàþòü ï³äãîòîâ÷èé õà-ðàêòåð ³ ïðèçíà÷åí³ äëÿ óñóíåííÿ ëåêñè÷íèõ ³
ãðàìàòè÷íèõ òðóäíîù³â, ùî ìîæóòü âèíèêíóòè ï³ä ÷àñ ðîáîòè ç òåêñòîì; âïðàâè
öüîãî òèïó ñïðèÿþòü óäîñêîíàëåííþ íàâè÷îê ðîáîòè ç³ ñëîâíèêîì, âì³íü ðîáîòè ç
³íøîìîâíîþ ëåêñèêîþ;
– àâòåíòè÷íîãî
ïðîôåñ³éíî-îð³ºíòîâàíîãî òåêñòó, ÿêèé º áàçîâèì äëÿ êîìïëåêñó ïåðåä- òà
ï³ñëÿòåêñòîâèõ âïðàâ;
– ï³ñëÿòåêñòîâèõ çàâäàíü, ùî ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà ðîçâèòîê íàâè÷îê
ð³çíèõ âèä³â ÷èòàííÿ, ïðîäóêòèâíîãî îâîëîä³ííÿ ñïå-ö³àëüíîþ ëåêñèêîþ;
– òåêñòó äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî
÷èòàííÿ òà çàâäàíü äî íüîãî,
ñïðÿìîâàíèõ íà âäîñêîíàëåííÿ íàâè÷îê ð³çíèõ âèä³â ÷èòàííÿ ³ ðîçóì³ííÿ ôàõîâîãî
³íøîìîâíîãî òåêñòó áåç äåòàëü-íîãî ïåðåêëàäó;
– ãðàìàòè÷íèõ âïðàâ, ìåòîþ âèêîíàííÿ ÿêèõ º çàêð³ïëåííÿ íàáóòèõ
çíàíü ç ãðàìàòèêè àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè, íåîáõ³äíèõ äëÿ ðîçóì³ííÿ àíãëîìîâíîãî
þðèäè÷íîãî òåêñòó;
– äâîõ âàð³àíò³â êîíòðîëüíî¿
ðîáîòè, ùî ìຠçà
ìåòó ïåðåâ³ðêó ÿêîñò³ çàñâîºííÿ íàâ÷àëüíîãî ìàòåð³àëó (ëåêñè÷-íîãî,
ãðàìàòè÷íîãî) ³ ïåðåäáà÷åíà íàâ÷àëüíèì ïëàíîì ó ²²² ñåìåñòð³.
²²² ñ å ì å ñ ò ð
Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³ âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ
1. À. Çàïèø³òü óêðà¿íñüêîþ
ìîâîþ 10 òåðì³í³â êðè-ì³íàëüíîãî ïðàâà, ùî, íà âàø ïîãëÿä, º êëþ÷îâèìè ³ ìîæóòü
çóñòð³òèñÿ â òåêñò³ “Images and Definitions of Crime” (äàë³
– ÎÒ1).
Çíàéä³òü ¿õ ó ñëîâíèêó òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüê³ åêâ³âàëåíòè.
Á. Ïåðåãëÿíüòå ÎÒ1 òà
ñïðîáóéòå çíàéòè ñëîâà, ÿê³ âè çàïèñàëè. Âèçíà÷òå, ÷è â³äïîâ³äຠçíà÷åííÿ, â
ÿêîìó ö³ ñëîâà âæèòî â ÎÒ1, óêðà¿íñüêèì åêâ³âàëåíòàì, çàïèñàíèì ó âàñ. Äîäàéòå
äî ñâîãî ñïèñêó ùå ê³ëüêà òåðì³í³â ³ç ÎÒ1, áåçïîñåðåäíüî ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ³ç òåìîþ “Criminal Law”, çàïèø³òü ¿õí³
çíà÷åííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.
2. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîäàí³
íèæ÷å ñëîâà òà ñïðîáóéòå çäîãà-äàòèñÿ ïðî ¿õí³ çíà÷åííÿ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà
³íòåðíàö³îíàëüí³ êîðåí³. Çàïèø³òü ìîæëèâ³ âàð³àíòè ïåðåêëàäó öèõ ñë³â
óê-ðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ. Ïîò³ì çíàéä³òü ¿õ â ÎÒ1 òà ïåðåâ³ðòå, ÷è ïðàâèëüíî âè
ïåðåêëàëè.
Criminal; activity; to criminalize;
person; image; conception; media; legally; physical; confrontation; line;
accident; to sanction; tolerance; democracy; political; moral; to focus;
combination; situation; status; agency; organization; police.
3. À. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ1
ñëîâà, óòâîðåí³ â³ä òèõ ñàìèõ êîðåí³â, ùî é ñëîâà, ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å.
To behave – ïîâîäèòèñÿ; to differ – â³äð³çíÿòèñÿ; legal – ïðàâîâèé, þðèäè÷íèé; to omit – íå ä³ÿòè, çàëèøàòèñÿ
áåç-ä³ÿëüíèì; to punish – êàðàòè; serious – òÿæêèé, íåáåçïå÷íèé; to inflict – íàíîñèòè; to perpetrate – ïîðóøóâàòè
êðèì³íàëüíèé çàêîí; to earn – çàðîáëÿòè, îòðèìóâàòè ïðèáóòîê; to accept – ïðèéìàòè; responsibility – â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü; to enforce – ïðèìóñîâî çä³éñíþâàòè, çàáåçïå÷óâàòè âèêîíàííÿ; to prohibit – çàáîðîíÿòè; to anticipate – î÷³êóâàòè, ïåðåäáà÷àòè.
Á. Âèçíà÷òå, äî ÿêèõ ÷àñòèí
ìîâè íàëåæàòü âèïèñàí³ âàìè ñëîâà, âèä³ë³òü ñëîâîòâîð÷³ åëåìåíòè, çà äîïîìîãîþ
ÿêèõ âîíè áóëè óòâîðåí³, òà, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà çíà÷åííÿ ïîäàíèõ ñï³ëüíîêîðåíåâèõ
ñë³â, ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.
4. Âèä³ë³òü ó ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñëîâàõ ïðåô³êñè,
âèçíà÷òå ¿õ çíà÷åííÿ, ïåðåêëàä³òü ñëîâà óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ òà óòâîð³òü
àíòîí³ì³÷í³ ïàðè.
To disapprove; unacceptability;
illegal; decriminalization; illegality.
5.
Çíàéä³òü
â ÎÒ1 ï³äêðåñëåí³ ñëîâà. Âèçíà÷òå, ÿêå ç ïîäàíèõ çíà÷åíü áëèæ÷å äî çíà÷åííÿ, â
ÿêîìó ñëîâà âæèòî â òåêñò³.
à) á)
criminal çëî÷èííèé êðèì³íàëüíèé
a crime çëî÷èí çëî÷èíí³ñòü
the public íàðîä ñóñï³ëüñòâî
liability â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü
îáîâ’ÿçîê
regulations ïîñòàíîâè ïðàâèëà
the combination ïîºäíàííÿ êîìá³íàö³ÿ
a sentence ðå÷åííÿ ïîêàðàííÿ
the responsibility â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü îáîâ’ÿçîê
a criminal çëî÷èííèé çëî÷èíåöü
6. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ1 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ ç³ ñëîâîì criminal
òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, âðàõîâóþ÷è ð³çí³ çíà÷åííÿ öüîãî ñëîâà,
ïîäàí³ ó âïð.5.
7. Âèïèø³òü
³ç ÎÒ1 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ ç ïîäàíèìè ñëîâàìè òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.
Behaviour; liability;
commonsense; action(s); public; rules; law.
8. Øâèäêî ïeðeãëÿíüòå
ÎÒ1, íå âäàþ÷èñü äî ïåðåêëàäó.
Ñïðîáóéòå çðîçóì³òè ëèøå çàãàëüíèé çì³ñò òåêñòó, çíàéä³òü òà âèïèø³òü
³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî:
eleven kinds of crimes;
two conceptions of a crime and
the main differences between them;
definition of a criminal;
three elements constituting a
criminal act;
the main ways criminal law
regulates behaviour;
sources of criminal law;
criminal law and law
enforcement.
9. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÎÒ1 óâàæíî, íàìàãàþ÷èñü äåòàëüíî çðîçóì³òè éîãî çì³ñò. Âèïèø³òü ³ç òåêñòó
âèä³ëåí³ æèðíèì øðèôòîì ñëîâà, ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ
òà ôðàçè ³ çàïèø³òü ¿õí³ óê-ðà¿íñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè.
IMAGES AND
DEFINITIONS OF CRIME
Criminal
justice is a response to activities, which are against the criminal law. In
most countries, particular kinds of behaviour are criminalised
through the criminal law, formulated in some countries by a penal
code. There is no simple way of defining what behaviour is criminal, and
this may vary between different countries and over time. Nonetheless, in most
societies similar kinds of behaviour are considered to be criminal, including homicide,
rape, arson, kidnapping, robbery and burglary, assault, theft, fraud and
motoring offences. Thus if a person does something which is
considered to be a crime in one country, it will practically always be
considered to be a crime in other countries.
What is
a crime? This is not such an easy question to answer because there are a number
of different images associated with the words crime and criminal, from the
legal conception of a crime used to establish a person’s liability
for criminal conduct, to the wider conception of a crime used by the
public and the media.
Legally, a crime is any act
or omission proscribed by the criminal law and thus punishable by
the state through the criminal justice process. The criminal law and its
associated punishment are used against a very wide range of behaviour – from murder,
rape and assault to driving with excess alcohol, parking on a yellow
line and failing to comply with health and safety regulations.
But while few would dispute that murder is and should be an offence, not
all members of the public would think of someone who drives with excess alcohol
in their blood as a criminal.
The public have a commonsense view
of what they regard as a crime. Behaviour, which people disapprove of is often
described as criminal to emphasise its seriousness and unacceptability.
These commonsense images are associated with the deliberate infliction of
physical harm often involving a confrontation between an offender
and a victim. Yet not all activities proscribed by the criminal law are
necessarily regarded as crimes, or their perpetrators as criminals.
Members of the public may fail to disclose their full earnings to the
Inland Revenue without regarding themselves as criminals, or being viewed as
such by others. Different groups therefore may have different conceptions of
where to draw the line between acceptable behaviour and crime. Even
where individuals are injured and killed as a result of illegal
actions they may not always be regarded as victims of crime. Many injuries
and deaths are caused by neglect of health and safety regulations
and are dealt with as accidents rather than as crimes, and those responsible
are rarely sanctioned as criminals.
But public tolerance of different
activities changes over time and legal categories are also subject to
change. It leads to criminalization of some behaviour and to decriminalization
of others. Hence the legal conception of crime is subject to change and
depends, in a parliamentary democracy, on political as well as moral considerations.
There
is a definition of a criminal, which can help to avoid confusion between the
legal conception of crime used by lawyers and its everyday usage: “A
person whose behaviour is in breach of legally prescribed rules which
renders that person liable to criminal proceedings”. This definition focuses on three elements that constitute a
criminal act: behaviour, rules and enforcement.
Criminal
law is essentially concerned with the regulation of behaviour. This may
involve prohibitions on some kinds of behaviour, such as stealing
or harming another person’s property. Other laws may require a
specific action, such as having insurance when driving a car, or complying
with regulations. In some instances it is the combination of
behaviour with a particular situation that defines a crime such as being
drunk in a public place. In others it is the combination of status with
behaviour such as the purchase of alcohol by someone under 16 years of age.
Illegality covers a multitude of actions, responsibilities, circumstances
and status and hence the diversity of acts that may be characterized as
criminal is considerable. The rules that determine whether or not behaviour is
criminal are found in legislation passed by Parliament (statutes) or in
decisions of the courts (precedents) that provide the legal
definition of criminal acts.
But
laws do not have any impact unless they are enforced, or unless there is the
anticipation of enforcement. Thus the criminal law specifies who can enforce
the law and what procedures are necessary to investigate and prosecute crime,
adjudicate on guilt and decide on an appropriate sentence.
Enforcement is the responsibility of specialized agencies or
organizations specifically given the right to enforce the law, such as the
police, Customs and Excise Officers and Crown prosecutors.
10. Óñíî ðîçêðèéòå
íàñòóïí³ ïîëîæåííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íôîðìàö³þ ÎÒ1:
There
is no simple way of defining what behaviour is criminal.
It is difficult to answer what should be regarded as a crime.
The
legal conception of crime is subject to change.
Criminal
law is essentially concerned with the regulation of behaviour.
The
diversity of acts that may be characterized as criminal is considerable.
Laws should be enforced.
11. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1 òà
çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüê³ â³äïîâ³ä-íèêè äî ïîäàíèõ óêðà¿íñüêèõ ñë³â òà
ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü. Âèáå-ð³òü áóäü-ÿê³ ï’ÿòü ñë³â òà ñêëàä³òü ³ç íèìè âëàñí³
ðå÷åííÿ àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ, çàïèø³òü ¿õ.
Êðèì³íàëüíå
ïðàâî; êðèì³íàëüíèé êîäåêñ; çëî÷èííà ïîâåä³íêà; çëî÷èí; ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê çëî÷èí;
ââàæàòè çëî÷èíöåì; âáèâñòâî; ï³äïàë; òÿæêå âáèâñòâî; âèêðàäåííÿ ëþäèíè ç ìå-òîþ
âèêóïó; øàõðàéñòâî; êðàä³æêà ç³ çëîìîì; íàïàä; ãðàá³æ; â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü çà
çëî÷èí (çëî÷èííó ïîâåä³íêó); íåâèêîíàí-íÿ ïðàâèë òåõí³êè áåçïåêè; çàáîðîíåíèé
(ïðîãîëîøåíèé ïîçà çàêîíîì); ïîêàðàííÿ; êàðàíèé (òîé, ùî ï³äëÿãຠïîêàðàííþ);
çëî÷èíåöü; íàâìèñíå (óìèñíå) íàíåñåííÿ ò³ëåñíèõ ïîøêîä-æåíü; ïîðóøíèê
êðèì³íàëüíîãî çàêîíó; âïëèâ; çàëåæàòè â³ä ïîë³òè÷íèõ òà ìîðàëüíèõ ì³ðêóâàíü.
12. Çíàéä³òü
â ÎÒ1 òà çàïèø³òü àíòîí³ìè äî ïîäàíèõ ñë³â:
to defend, civil,
similar, omission, offender,
permission, complex.
13. Çíàéä³òü
ñåðåä ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â ñëîâà, ïîä³áí³ çà çíà÷åííÿì òà çàïèø³òü ñèíîí³ì³÷í³
ïàðè.
Offender; influence; proper; liability;
criminal (adj.); to define; to consider; sentence; to regard; offence;
perpetrator; answer; behaviour; penal; bodily; to view; crime; punishment;
impact; responsibility; a criminal; particular; effect; society; proscribed; to
specify; appropriate; intentional; response; conduct; public; prohibited;
physical; specific; deliberate.
14. Âñòàâòå
ïðîïóùåí³ ïðèéìåííèêè. Ó ðàç³ íåîáõ³ä-íîñò³, çâåðòàéòåñÿ äî ÎÒ1.
Particular
kinds of behaviour are criminalized … the criminal law; liability … criminal
conduct; a confrontation … an offender and a victim; many injuries and deaths
are caused … neglect of safety regulations; legal categories are subject …
change; legal conception of crime depends … political and moral considerations; to be … breach … legally prescribed rules;
person liable … criminal proceedings; prohibitions … some kinds of behaviour;
the combination of status … behaviour; to adjudicate … guilt; to decide …
appropriate sentence.
15. Çàê³í÷³òü ðå÷åííÿ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ïðî÷èòàíèé ÎÒ1.
Crime is… .
Crime must be… .
Crime has such… as… .
16. Çàïèø³òü
â³äïîâ³ä³ íà çàïèòàííÿ:
1. What is the aim of criminal justice?
2. What kinds of
behaviour are considered to be criminal in most societies?
3. What is the legal
definition of a crime? Could you give your own definition?
4. Is any act or
omission proscribed by the criminal law regarded as a crime by ordinary people?
5. How can the legal
conceptions of a crime be changed?
6. In what way do
changes in the public tolerance of different activities influence the evolution
of legal categories?
7. What does behaviour
as the element of a criminal act mean?
8. What documents
contain rules determining criminal behaviour?
9. Who is responsible
for law enforcement?
Çàâäàííÿ
äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî
÷èòàííÿ
17. Øâèäêî
ïåðåãëÿíüòå ÄÒ1, íàìàãàþ÷èñü çðîçóì³òè éîãî çàãàëüíèé çì³ñò. Ç
íàâåäåíèõ íèæ÷å ðå÷åíü âèáåð³òü òå, ÿêå, íà âàø ïîãëÿä, íàéêðàùå â³äîáðàæàº
îñíîâíó äóìêó òåêñòó.
1. People
should be punished for all actions violating criminal laws.
2. There
are different levels of intent and seriousness of offences.
3. Establishing
the culpability of a defendant requires defining elements of a crime and levels
of intent and seriousness.
18. Ïðî÷èòàéòå
ÄÒ1 óâàæíî, çíàéä³òü
íåîáõ³äíó ³íôîðìàö³þ é óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ ðîçêàæ³òü ïðî:
elements
of a crime;
criminal
liability;
different
levels of intent.
19. Çâåðí³òüñÿ äî òåêñòó ³ çíàéä³òü ó íüîìó
äåô³í³ö³¿ ð³çíèõ âèä³â óáèâñòâ. Äàéòå â³äïîâ³äü íà ïèòàííÿ:
Which kind of killing is the least serious, more serious and the most
serious?
ELEMENTS OF A CRIME
AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Criminal
liability is one of the most important concepts of criminal law. 1)
Not all actions violating the criminal law are necessarily criminal because
there may be an excuse or acceptable reason for such behaviour. In legal
sense they may not be blameworthy or culpable. 2) Establishing
the culpability of a defendant is therefore central to the criminal process and
explains the central role of the trial as the mechanism of establishing
criminal liability.
One of
the most fundamental principles of criminal law is that people should not be
punished unless they have both committed the act or omission in question and
are blameworthy. 3) This means that in order to consider a
person culpable, it must be established that an offender has not only committed
an offence but is responsible for it. These two aspects are usually
referred to as the actus
The
concepts of actus
Different
offences relating to similar behaviour, for example assault, may reflect
different levels of intent and seriousness. 8)The seriousness of
the different crimes relating to offences of violence is determined both by
injury inflicted and the level of intention, thereby combining an assessment of
actus
20. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ2,
âèçíà÷òå éîãî îñíîâí³ ³äå¿ òà ñêëàä³òü ïëàí òåêñòó.
21. Çíàéä³òü ó ÄÒ2
³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî:
à) ö³ë³ ïîêàðàííÿ;
á) âèäè ïîêàðàííÿ.
22. Óâàæíî ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ2 òà äàéòå â³äïîâ³ä³ íà
çàïèòàííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.
1.
What is the aim of
sentencing?
2.
Are there any justifications
for sentencing?
3.
What is the main distinctive
feature of the criminal law?
23. Íàïèø³òü àíîòàö³þ ÄÒ2 óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, äîòðèìóþ÷èñü ñêëàäåíîãî ïëàíó
(çàâä. 20) òà âèñâ³òëþþ÷è
ëèøå îñíîâí³ àñïåêòè.
AIMS OF SENTENCING AND TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
1)Sentencing is a key function of the criminal justice process and
involves many different and often conflicting considerations as to the choice
of sentence affected by the multiple aims of
sentencing. The aim of sentencing is the purpose or
objective that the sentencer is seeking to achieve. 2)The
justification for sentencing involves considering why the aims are desirable: whether it can reduce or prevent crime, or just mark unacceptable behaviour.
3)Usually a
sentence involves some form of punishment, and a key feature, distinguishing
criminal law from other branches, is that it involves the state imposing a
punishment on an offender, which follows a finding of guilt under the
procedures of due process. Through punishment one or more sentencing aims are
hoped to achieve: retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence,
denunciation and restitution.
4)Rehabilitation aims to
change future behavior through treatment and training; deterrence aims to make the potential offender think again through the
anticipation of future sanctions. Incapacitation seeks to restrain offenders
physically to make it impossible for them to re-offend. There is also another
aspect of sentencing. In the aims of retribution, denunciation and
incapacitation is the desire of the public to see criminals punished. 5)Restitution
also seeks directly or indirectly to compensate the victim for the harm
suffered.
There are four main categories of sentence available to the courts:
discharges (absolute and conditional); financial penalties (fines, compensation
of personal injury or property damage to the victim, costs); community
penalties (probation order, community service order requiring the offender to
do unpaid work for the community for a specified number of hours, combination
order, supervision order); custodial sentences (imprisonment including the
suspended sentence).
24. Çàïèø³òü ïîäàí³ ñêëàäíîï³äðÿäí³ ðå÷åííÿ, âèçíà÷òå ãîëîâíó òà ï³äðÿäíó
÷àñòèíó òà ï³äêðåñë³òü ï³äìåò ³ ïðèñóäîê. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.
1. If a person does something, which is considered to be a crime in one
country, it will practically always be considered to be a crime in other
countries.
2. Even where individuals are injured and killed as a
result of illegal actions they may not always be regarded as victims of crime. 3. One of the most fundamental principles of criminal law is that people
should not be punished unless they have both committed the act or omission in
question and are blameworthy. 4. A person is guilty of theft
if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention
of permanently depriving that other of it.
25. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1 òà ÄÒ2 òðè
ïðîñòèõ, òðè ñêëàäíîï³äðÿäíèõ òà òðè ñêëàäíîñóðÿäíèõ ðå÷åííÿ. Âèçíà÷òå ÷àñòèíè
ðå÷åííÿ, ï³äêðåñë³òü ï³äìåò òà ïðèñóäîê, ïåðåêëàä³òü.
26. Çíàéä³òü ³ âèïèø³òü ç ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1 òà ÄÒ2 ñêëàäíîï³äðÿäí³ ðå÷åííÿ ç³
ñïîëó÷íèêàìè who, which, where, that. Âèçíà÷òå âèä ï³äðÿäíîãî ðå÷åííÿ (ï³äðÿäíå äîäàòêîâå, ï³äðÿäíå
îçíà÷àëüíå, ï³äðÿäíå ì³ñöÿ òà ³í.). Ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.
27. Âèçíà÷òå âèä ï³äðÿäíîãî çâ’ÿçêó â íàâåäåíèõ íèæ÷å
ðå÷åííÿõ òà âèáåð³òü â³äïîâ³äíèé ñïîëó÷íèê.
1. It can be seen (who, that) two different
elements make up the offence. 2. Criminal justice is a
response to activities, (who, that) are against the criminal law. 3.The public have a
commonsense view of (what, who) they regard as crime. 4.
There is a definition of a criminal, (who, which) can help to avoid confusion
between the legal conception of crime used by lawyers and its everyday usage. 5.This definition focuses on three elements (that, who) constitute a
criminal act: behaviour, rules and enforcement.
28. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîäàíèé íèæ÷å òåêñò. Çàïîâí³òü ïðîïóñêè, óòâîðèâøè ç³ ñë³â,
ïîäàíèõ ó äóæêàõ, â³äïîâ³äíó ÷àñòèíó ìîâè. Çàïèø³òü òåêñò, ï³äêðåñë³òü áåçîñîáîâ³
ôîðìè 䳺ñëîâà (Gerund, Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II),
íàçâ³òü ¿õ òà çàïèø³òü ïåðåêëàä òåêñòó óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà
ïåðåêëàä áåçîñîáîâèõ ôîðì 䳺ñëîâà.
29. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1, ÄÒ2 òà âèïèø³òü ðå÷åííÿ
ç áåçîñîáîâèìè
ôîðìàìè 䳺ñëîâà, ï³äêðåñë³òü òà íàçâ³òü ¿õ. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.
ÇÀÂÄÀÍÍß ÄËß ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍί ÐÎÁÎÒÈ
 à ð ³ à í ò
1
1. Âèáåð³òü ³ç çàïðîïîíîâàíèõ íèæ÷å òåì áóäü-ÿê³ òðè. Ñôîðìóëþéòå àíãë³éñüêîþ
ìîâîþ òà çàïèø³òü êîðîòê³ ïîÿñ-íåííÿ äî íèõ (5-6 ðå÷åíü), âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è
³íôîðìàö³þ ç íàâ-÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â III
ñåìåñòðó[†].
Äîïîâí³òü ïîÿñíåííÿ ³íôîð-ìàö³ºþ, ÿêà íå ì³ñòèòüñÿ â íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñòàõ ³ áóëà
îòðè-ìàíà âàìè ç ³íøèõ äæåðåë (íàâ÷àëüíî¿, íàóêîâî¿, äîâ³äêîâî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè –
çðîá³òü ïîñèëàííÿ íà äæåðåëî ³íôîðìàö³¿).
1. The difference between civil
law and criminal law.
2. The difference between patent
law and copyright law.
3. The concepts of actus
4. The differences between the
criminal law of most common law countries and that of European countries.
5. The role of forensic science
in the investigation of crime.
6. The concept of criminal
liability.
2. Ñêëàä³òü òà
çàïèø³òü ïëàí òåêñòó “Criminal
Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 156 – 158) ó ôîðì³
ïèòàíü, óìîâíî ðîç-ä³ëèâøè éîãî íà ê³ëüêà çì³ñòîâèõ ÷àñòèí.
3. Ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà
³íôîðìàö³þ íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â òà äîäàòêîâó àíãëîìîâíó ë³òåðàòóðó ç³
ñïåö³àëüíîñò³, íàïèø³òü êîðîòêå (10 – 12 ðå÷åíü) ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ íà îäíó ç ïîäàíèõ
òåì:
1. Methods of Identification.
2. Advocacy in the
3. Civil Law – Complex and
Important Branch of Ukrainian Law.
4. Criminal Liability and
Fundamental Principles of Criminal Law.
4. Íàïèø³òü àíîòàö³þ
äî òåêñòó “Civil Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 146 – 148) óêðà¿íñüêîþ
ìîâîþ (îáñÿã 5 – 6 ðå÷åíü).
à) criminal, penal, serious, acceptable, legal, culpable;
á) behaviour, guilt, crime,
omission, code, liability, person, proceedings, action, criminal;
â) to punish, to criminalize, to
establish, to investigate,
to institute, to prosecute, to consider.
6. Çàïèø³òü òåðì³íè, ÿê³
â³äïîâ³äàþòü ïîäàíèì çíà-÷åííÿì òà ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç íàâåäåíèõ áóêâ. Ñêëàä³òü ç
êîæíèì ³ç öèõ ñë³â âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ, çàïèø³òü òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ:
1)
physically attacking someone a………. ;
2)
killing unintentially m……… ;
3) setting
fire to property illegally a........... .
7. Ïðî³ëþñòðóéòå çíà÷åííÿ
ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü, âèêîðèñòàâøè
¿õ ó âëàñíèõ ðå÷åííÿõ.
Criminal
justice; to punish; an excuse or acceptable reason; to commit an act or
omission; criminal; injury; infliction.
8. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ïîäàí³
ñëîâà òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ.
Êðèì³íàëüíå ïðàâî; âñòàíîâëåííÿ
êðèì³íàëüíî¿ â³äïî-â³äàëüíîñò³; íàì³ð; áóòè âèííèì ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó;
ïîðó-øóâàòè ïåðåäáà÷åí³ (âñòàíîâëåí³) çàêîíîì íîðìè; ïðàâèëà òåõí³êè áåçïåêè;
çëî÷èíåöü; ï³äïàë; ð³øåííÿ ñóäó; ïðåöåäåíò.
9. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÄÒ1 ÷îòèðè
ðå÷åííÿ, âèä³ëåí³ êóð-ñèâîì, ï³äêðåñë³òü òà âèçíà÷òå áåçîñîáîâ³ ôîðìè 䳺ñëîâà. Ïå-ðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ,
çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà ïåðåêëàä áåçîñîáîâèõ ôîðì 䳺ñëîâà.
 à ð ³ à í ò
2
1. Âèáåð³òü ³ç
íàâåäåíèõ íèæ÷å òåì áóäü-ÿê³ òðè. Ñôîðìóëþéòå àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ òà çàïèø³òü
êîðîòê³ ïîÿñ-íåííÿ äî íèõ (5 – 6 ðå÷åíü),
âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è ³íôîðìàö³þ ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â III ñåìåñòðó. Äîïîâí³òü ïîÿñíåííÿ ³í ôîð-ìàö³ºþ, ÿêà íå
ì³ñòèòüñÿ â íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñòàõ ³ áóëà îòðè-ìàíà âàìè ç ³íøèõ äæåðåë
(íàâ÷àëüíî¿, íàóêîâî¿, äîâ³äêîâî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè; çðîá³òü ïîñèëàííÿ íà äæåðåëî
³íôîðìàö³¿):
4. The difference
between two separate branches of the legal profession (solicitors and
barristers) in the
5. The difference
between intellectual property and other forms of property.
6. The
role of Criminal Law in regulation of behaviour.
7. Difficulties in
defining behaviour as criminal.
8. The meaning of the
term “double jeopardy”.
9. The reasons for
changing of the legal conception of crime.
2. Ñêëàä³òü òà
çàïèø³òü ïëàí òåêñòó “Civil
Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 146 – 148) ó ôîðì³
ïèòàíü, óìîâíî ðîç-ä³ëèâøè éîãî íà ê³ëüêà çì³ñòîâèõ ÷àñòèí.
3. Ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà
³íôîðìàö³þ íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â òà äîäàòêîâó àíãëîìîâíó ë³òåðàòóðó ç³
ñïåö³àëüíîñò³, íàïèø³òü êîðîòêå (10 – 12 ðå÷åíü) ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ íà îäíó ç ïîäàíèõ
òåì:
1. The role of
Forensic Science in the Administration of Justice.
2. Internationalization
of the Legal Profession.
3. Intellectual
Property Protection in
4. The legal
Conception of Crime.
4. Íàïèø³òü àíîòàö³þ
äî òåêñòó “Criminal Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 156 – 158) óêðà¿íñüêîþ
ìîâîþ (îáñÿã 5 – 6 ðå÷åíü).
à) criminal, penal, serious, acceptable, legal, culpable;
á) behaviour, guilt, crime,
omission, code, liability, person, proceedings, action, criminal;
â) to punish; to criminalize; to
establish; to investigate; to institute; to prosecute; to consider.
6. Çàïèø³òü òåðì³íè, ÿê³
â³äïîâ³äàþòü ïîäàíèì çíà÷åí-íÿì òà ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç
íàâåäåíèõ áóêâ. Ñêëàä³òü ç êîæíèì ³ç öèõ ñë³â âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ, çàïèø³òü òà
ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.
1)
killing intentially m……… ;
2) the
act of stealing th..……..
;
3) driving more quickly than the limit s……….. .
7. Ïðî³ëþñòðóéòå çíà÷åííÿ
ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â òà ôðàç, âèêîðèñòàâøè ¿õ ó âëàñíèõ
ðå÷åííÿõ.
Àctus reus; mens rea; to
punish; culpable; trial; to commit an omission; absolute liability; intention;
to sanction; injury; physical harm.
8. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ïîäàí³
ñëîâà òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ.
Çëî÷èííèé; âñòàíîâëþâàòè
êðèì³íàëüíó â³äïîâ³äàëü-í³ñòü; áóòè âèííèì ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó; ïîðóøóâàòè
ïåðåäáà÷åí³ (âñòàíîâëåí³) çàêîíîì íîðìè; ïðàâèëà òåõí³êè áåçïåêè; çëî÷èíåöü;
ï³äïàë; ïðåöåäåíò.
9. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÄÒ2 ÷îòèðè ðå÷åííÿ, âèä³ëåí³ êóð-ñèâîì, ï³äêðåñë³òü òà âèçíà÷òå áåçîñîáîâ³ ôîðìè 䳺ñëîâà. Ïå-ðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ, çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà ïåðåêëàä áåçîñîáîâèõ ôîðì 䳺ñëîâà.
²V ñ å ì å ñ ò ð
Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³ âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ
1. À. Ïðèãàäàéòå çíà÷åííÿ
ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ “law enforcement” òà çíàéä³òü óêðà¿íñüêèé åêâ³âàëåíò ñëîâîñïî-ëó÷åííÿ “law enforcement body”.
Á. ×è çíàºòå âè, ÿê³ çàâäàííÿ, ôóíêö³¿ òà ïîâíî-âàæåííÿ ìàþòü ïðàâîîõîðîíí³
îðãàíè? ßê³ ç ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â ïîçíà÷àþòü 䳿, ùî ìîæå çä³éñíþâàòè
ñï³âðîá³òíèê ïðà-âîîõîðîííèõ îðãàí³â? Âèïèø³òü ¿õ òà çíàéä³òü ¿õí³ óêðà¿íñüê³
åêâ³âàëåíòè. Ïîÿñí³òü ñâ³é âèá³ð.
To apprehend; to defend an
accused in court; to convict; to detain; to imprison; to investigate; to lock
up; to safeguard; to plead guilty; to search; to arrest; to seize; to sentence;
to take into custody; to charge; to detect.
Â. ϳä ÷àñ
âèêîíàííÿ ÿêî¿ ç ïåðåë³÷åíèõ ó çàâäàíí³ 1 (Á) ä³é îô³öåð ïîë³ö³¿
ïîâèíåí ñêàçàòè òàê³ ñëîâà:
“You do not have to say
anything but it may harm your defense if you do not mention when questioned
something which you later rely on in court, anything you do say may be given in
evidence”.
Ã. Ïîÿñí³òü ñï³ëüíå òà
ðîçá³æíå â çíà÷åííÿõ òåðì³í³â: à) arrest, custody,
detention, apprehension;
á) to investigate,
to detect.
Ïðî³ëþñòðóéòå ð³çíèöþ ó âæèâàíí³ ïîäàíèõ òåð-ì³í³â,
ñêëàâøè ç íèìè âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ.
2. Ç ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â
òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü âèïèø³òü ò³, çíà÷åííÿ ÿêèõ âàì óæå â³äîì³, òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.
Îêðåìî çàïèø³òü íîâ³ ñëîâà òà çíàéä³òü ó ñëîâíèêó ¿õí³ óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè.
Ïåðåâ³ðòå,
÷è â³äïîâ³äàþòü çàïèñàí³ âàìè çíà÷åííÿ çíà÷åííÿì öèõ ñë³â â ÎÒ2.
Police forces; to investigate;
agency; to keep the peace; to detect; guilty; an offence; search; to obtain;
powers; force; enactments; to settle; dispute; police officer; to prevent;
individuals; injury; property; duty; right; justice; office; conduct;
distinction; regulations; liable; citizen; to carry out duties; seizure;
official; to obstruct; criminal justice; death; order; to resolve; serious
crime; victim; to maintain; to facilitate; government; breach; prohibited;
behaviour.
3. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å ñëîâà òà ñïðîáóéòå
çäîãàäàòèñÿ ïðî ¿õí³ çíà÷åííÿ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íòåð-íàö³îíàëüí³ êîðåí³. Çàïèø³òü
ìîæëèâ³ âàð³àíòè ïåðåêëàäó öèõ ñë³â óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ. Ïîò³ì çíàéä³òü ¿õ â ÎÒ2 òà ïåðå-â³ðòå, ÷è
ïðàâèëüíî âè ¿õ ïåðåêëàëè.
Exclusively; special;
transport; industry; local; constable; uniform; detailed; discipline; ordinary;
service; to patrol; dispute; complex (adj.); segment; control; to assist;
conflict; to identify; security; stop; arrest.
4. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ2
ï³äêðåñëåí³ ñëîâà. Âèçíà÷òå, ÿêå ç ïîäàíèõ çíà÷åíü áëèæ÷å äî çíà÷åííÿ,
â ÿêîìó ñëîâà âæèâà-þòüñÿ â òåêñò³.
à) á)
to charge with ïîêëàäàòè, íàä³ëÿòè îáâèíóâà÷óâàòè
crime çëî÷èíí³ñòü çëî÷èí
to provide äàâàòè, íàäàâàòè ïåðåäáà÷àòè
public äåðæàâíèé
ñóñï³ëüíèé
a way ñïîñ³á, çàñ³á íàïðÿìîê
5. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ2 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ ç³ ñëîâàìè powers,
crime, citizen(s)
òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.
6. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÎÒ2, íå
âäàþ÷èñü äî ïåðåêëàäó. Ñïðî-áóéòå çðîçóì³òè ëèøå çàãàëüíèé çì³ñò òà çíàéä³òü ó
òåêñò³ ³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî:
à) äåðæàâí³
óñòàíîâè òà îðãàíè, ùî çä³éñíþþòü ïðà-âîîõîðîíí³ ôóíêö³¿;
á) òå,
÷èì â³äð³çíÿºòüñÿ ðîëü ïîë³ö³¿ òà çâè÷àéíèõ ãðî-ìàäÿí â îõîðîí³ ïðàâîïîðÿäêó;
â) 䳿
ãðîìàäÿí ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî ïîë³ö³¿, ÿê³ ââà-æàþòüñÿ çëî÷èííèìè.
7. Ïåðåãëÿíüòå òåêñò òà âèçíà÷òå, äî êîãî àáî äî
÷îãî â³äíîñÿòüñÿ ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å ñëîâà:
special police forces;
investigatory agencies; the bulk of investigatory and law enforcement work; to
take all steps for peace keeping ; a
citizen in uniform; holds the office of constable; is not liable in law for
failure to preserve the peace; to be guilty of misconduct in public office; has
more limited powers; ordinary; additional; life or death results; may provide
the basis for entry upon property.
8. Ïðî÷èòàéòå òåêñò ÎÒ2,
çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà äåòàë³. Âèïèø³òü ³ç òåêñòó âèä³ëåí³ æèðíèì øðèôòîì ñëîâà òà
ñïî-ëó÷åííÿ ñë³â ³ çàïèø³òü ¿õí³ óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè.
Law
enforcement is primarily, but not exclusively, in the hands of the 43 police
forces of
Though it is part of the obligations and duties of a police constable
to take all steps, which are necessary for keeping the peace, for preventing
crime or for protecting property from criminal injury, and
also to detect crime and to bring an offender to justice,
all individuals have a duty and a right to preserve the peace. Since
individuals have both rights and duties in respect of law enforcement
and keeping the peace, it would be idle to pretend that a police constable is
simply “a citizen in uniform”.
Every
police officer holds the office of constable and is a part of an organization
with its own command structure governed by detailed regulations dealing
with conditions of employment, personal conduct and discipline.
Therefore there is a distinction between law enforcement role of the police and
that of a citizen – an individual is not liable in law for failure to
preserve the peace whereas a constable, by contrast, may be guilty of the
offence of misconduct in a public office. A citizen also has more
limited powers.
Actually
police generally have no more powers than ordinary citizens, but there are many
additional powers that they are given under legislation and under many other
enactments. Thus, police in carrying out their duties of criminal law
enforcement have powers of arrest, search and seizure, power to
obtain information (to question people and officials) beyond that of
the ordinary citizen. It is an offence to obstruct the police in the course
of their duties, as it is to waste their time.
Decisions,
which are made by the police, are among the most important and difficult in all
criminal justice because they can have life or death results. Police
agencies as well as individual police officers make conscious decisions
about daily activities – investigation, arrest and use of force.
As “crime fighters” police are expected to control or reduce crime,
protect citizens, provide service to the public, and be
representatives and guards of the public order. Perhaps no other segment of
society is charged with as complex task as the police.
The
police are also responsible for traffic control, answering emergency
calls, guarding dignitaries, settling disputes between
neighbours, and many other functions. There is simply no other organization or
agency that patrols the streets and is ready to be called on 24
hours a day and 7 days a week. A detailed listing of the duties placed on
the police is not possible here, but in general they function in the
following ways: to prevent or control “serious crime”, to
assist and protect victims of crimes, to protect constitutional
guarantees, to facilitate the movement of people and vehicles, to
assist the intoxicated, addicted, mentally ill, physically disabled, old,
young and others who cannot care for themselves, to resolve conflicts
between individuals and groups, to identify problems before they become
more serious for individuals, police or the government, to create and maintain a
feeling of security in the community.
A
police officer is entitled to take any action necessary to prevent a
breach of the peace. This may involve restraint and temporary detention
of an individual, requiring an individual not to go to a certain place, to
travel by a certain route, to undertake proposed activity elsewhere or in
different way. It may involve stop and search powers, the powers of seizure
of stolen or prohibited articles. A threatened breach of the peace
may also provide the basis for entry upon property. Finally, it
may provide the basis for the arrest of an individual with a view to taking
an individual before a Magistrates’ Court to be bound over to be of good
behaviour and to keep the peace.
9. À. Çíàéä³òü,
â ÿêîìó àáçàö³ ÎÒ2 ì³ñòèòüñÿ ³íôîð-ìàö³ÿ ïðî:
1) îñíîâí³
íàïðÿìêè ðîáîòè ïîë³ö³¿;
2) ä³ÿëüí³ñòü
ïîë³ö³¿, ïîâ’ÿçàíó ç âèêîíàííÿì ïðàâî- îõîðîííèõ
ôóíêö³é ó ñèñòåì³ êðèì³íàëüíîãî ñóäî÷èíñòâà;
3) îáîâ’ÿçêè
ïîë³ö³¿ ùîäî çàáåçïå÷åííÿ áåçïåêè òà ñóñï³ëüíîãî ïîðÿäêó;
4) ïîâíîâàæåííÿ
îô³öåðà ïîë³ö³¿ ï³ä ÷àñ âèêîíàííÿ ñëóæáîâèõ îáîâ’ÿçê³â.
Á. Âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è
îòðèìàíó ³íôîðìàö³þ, ñòèñëî ðîçêðèéòå íàâåäåí³ ïîëîæåííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.
10. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ2 ñëîâà ãðóïàìè
â³äïîâ³äíî äî ïî-äàíèõ êàòåãîð³é:
1) peace-keeping functions of the police;
2) names of offences;
3) crime-fighting functions of the police;
4) powers of the police while carrying out
their duties of criminal law enforcement.
11. Çíàéä³òü
â ÎÒ2 òà âèïèø³òü ñèíîí³ìè äî ïîäàíèõ ñë³â:
to
help; to defend; society; to keep; apprehension; aim; to resolve.
12. Çíàéä³òü
â ÎÒ2 òà âèïèø³òü àíòîí³ìè äî ïîäàíèõ ñë³â:
simple; impossible; individual.
13. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ2 òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüê³
â³äïîâ³äíèêè äî ïîäàíèõ óêðà¿íñüêèõ ñë³â ³ ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü. Âèáåð³òü áóäü-ÿê³
ï’ÿòü ñë³â òà ñêëàä³òü ç íèìè âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ, çàïèø³òü ¿õ.
³ä³ãðàâàòè
âàæëèâó ðîëü ó çàáåçïå÷åíí³ äîòðèìàííÿ çàêîíó; ñë³ä÷³ ïîâíîâàæåííÿ; ïðàâà òà
îáîâ’ÿçêè; çàïîá³ãàòè çëî÷èíó; çàõèùàòè âëàñí³ñòü; ðîçêðèâàòè çëî÷èí; â³ääàâàòè
çëî÷èíöÿ äî ðóê ïðàâîñóääÿ; íåñòè â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü çã³äíî ç çàêîíîì; áóòè
âèííèì ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó; çáåð³ãàòè ìèð; ïî-ðóøåííÿ ñëóæáîâîãî îáîâ’ÿçêó;
çàéìàòè (îá³éìàòè) ïîñàäó; âèêîíóâàòè îáîâ’ÿçêè; øêîäà, çàïîä³ÿíà çëî÷èíîì;
ïîðóøåí-íÿ ãðîìàäñüêîãî ïîðÿäêó; îáøóê; âèëó÷åííÿ; íàêëàäàòè àðåøò; âèÿâëÿòè
ïðîáëåìè; ìàòè ïðàâî; áóòè óïîâíîâàæåíèì.
14. Âñòàâòå
ïðîïóùåí³ ïðèéìåííèêè. Ó ðàç³ íåîáõ³ä-íîñò³ çâåðòàéòåñÿ äî ÎÒ2.
To be liable … law … failure to
preserve the peace; to be guilty … misconduct … a public office; powers given …
legislation; to carry … duties … criminal law enforcement; decisions … daily
activities; use … force; guards … the public order; to be charged … a complex
task; to be responsible … traffic control; to settle disputes … neighbours; to
protect victims … crimes; to place the duties … the police; to resolve
conflicts … individuals; to prevent a breach … the peace; to take an offender …
a Magistrates’ Court; to be bound … ; to be … good behaviour.
15. Ïîñòàâòå ñëîâà òà
ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ, ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å, ó òîìó ïîðÿäêó, â ÿêîìó â³äáóâàþòüñÿ ïîçíà÷óâàí³
íèìè 䳿. Äåÿê³ ç íèõ ìîæóòü â³äáóâàòèñÿ îäíî÷àñíî.
To prevent crime; to take an
individual before a Magistrates’ Court; to investigate crime; to detect crime;
to apprehend; to identify problems; to detain; to take into custody; to be
bound over to be of good behaviour and to keep the peace; to stop and search;
to obstruct the police; to obtain information; use of force; to seize stolen or
prohibited articles.
16. Ñêëàä³òü
òà çàïèø³òü ñòèñëó ðîçïîâ³äü ïðî ðîáîòó ïîë³ö³¿, âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è ñëîâà òà
ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ, ïîäàí³ ó âïðàâ³ 15. Çâåðí³òü óâàãó íà âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÷àñîâèõ
ôîðì òà êàòåãî𳿠ñòàíó àíãë³éñüêîãî 䳺ñëîâà.
Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ
17. Ïîäèâ³òüñÿ íà
çàãîëîâîê ÄÒ3. ßê âè äóìàºòå, ïðî ùî éäåòüñÿ â òåêñò³? Ïåðåãëÿíüòå òåêñò òà
ñôîðìóëþéòå îñíîâíó äóìêó.
18. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ3 óâàæíî, íàìàãàþ÷èñü çðîçóì³òè
âñ³ äåòàë³, ïðèäóìàéòå òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ ø³ñòü òâåðäæåíü, ÿê³ á
ñóïåðå÷èëè ³íôîðìàö³¿, ùî ì³ñòèòüñÿ â òåêñò³. Çàïðîïîíóéòå ñâî¿ì îäíîãðóïíèêàì
ñïðîñòóâàòè âàø³ òâåðäæåííÿ òà, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ÄÒ3, äîâåñòè, ùî âîíè íåâ³ðí³.
19. Âèçíà÷òå îñíîâí³ ³äå¿ ÄÒ3, ñêëàä³òü ïëàí òåêñòó ó
âèãëÿä³ çàïèòàíü òà çàïèø³òü íîòàòêè äî êîæíîãî ïóíêòó ïëàíó. Íàïèø³òü ñòèñëó
àíîòàö³þ äî òåêñòó, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ñêëàäåíèé ïëàí.
In
Before the creation of the CPS in the 1980s,
the police and the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) were responsible for
prosecution of offenders. The task of the DPP was to institute, undertake or
carry on criminal proceedings, and to give advice and assistance to chief
officer of the police and other persons responsible for the prosecution of
offences. The DPP was responsible for prosecuting cases of murder, along with
those involving national security, public figures and police officers.
The police were
responsible for the prosecution of routine offences in Magistrates’ Courts. They were advised by
solicitors, who were either employed or consulted by them, and who conducted
more complex cases in the magistrates’ courts. Barristers on behalf of the
police conducted cases in Crown Courts.
The police were therefore both
investigators and prosecutors. The roles of investigating crime, collecting
evidence and arresting suspects were likely to interfere with the impartial
review of a case and decisions about whether to prosecute or not. The dual
responsibility could also lead to the abuse of the rights of the arrested
person by the police, as a result of an anxiety to convict those whom the
police believed were guilty. Except that there was no uniform system of
prosecution.
The Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
established the CPS and specified its functions which included taking over the
conduct of all criminal proceedings instituted by the police. They are the
following:
· to give pre-charge advice to the police and
other law-enforcement agencies on the admissibility of evidence;
·
to
review all cases in terms of whether there is sufficient evidence for a case to
proceed and whether it is in the public interest;
·
to
oversee the progress of the case after the papers have been passed from the
police;
·
to conduct the prosecution of cases in the magistrates’
courts;
·
to
instruct counsel to appear in the Crown Court on the behalf of the CPS.
The CPS
therefore represents a single independent and nationwide authority for
Once an accused
person has been charged or summoned the papers are passed to the appropriate
branch of the CPS and the CPS is under the duty to review and to conduct the
case. This includes deciding which charges should be proceeded with, what
evidence is relevant and admissible and whether or not it is sufficient. It
also includes assessing whether or not it is in the public interest to continue
with the prosecution and, if so, ensuring that the case is prepared and ready
for trial. In a trial the CPS or counsels instructed by it represent the
prosecution.
20. Çì³í³òü ñòàí 䳺ñëîâà-ïðèñóäêà â íàâåäåíèõ ðå÷åííÿõ çà çðàçêîì.
Çðàçîê. The police must prevent crimes. – Crimes must
be prevented by the police.
1. Every
police officer holds the office of constable. 2. The police performs the bulk
of investigatory and law enforcement work. 3. The court found him guilty of
murder. 4. The police seized and arrested the criminal. 5. The police make the
most important and difficult decisions. 6. Neglect of health and safety
regulations caused many injuries and deaths.
21. Âèïèø³òü ³ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â 7 ðå÷åíü ³ç
䳺ñëîâîì-ïðèñóäêîì ó ïàñèâíîìó ñòàí³. Òðàíñôîðìóéòå ðå-÷åííÿ, ÿêùî öå ìîæëèâî,
çì³íèâøè ïàñèâíèé ñòàí íà àêòèâ-íèé.
22. Çàïèø³òü ïîäàí³
ðå÷åííÿ, âèçíà÷òå ÷àñòèíè ñêëàäíèõ ðå÷åíü òà ï³äêðåñë³òü ï³äìåò ³ ïðèñóäîê.
Âèçíà÷òå, ÿêîþ áåçîñîáîâîþ ôîðìîþ 䳺ñëîâà º ï³äêðåñëåí³ ñëîâà òà
ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.
1. This includes deciding which charges
should be proceeded with, what evidence is relevant and admissible and
whether or not it is sufficient.2.The CPS is under the duty to
review and to conduct the case. 3.
This means that in order to consider a person culpable, it must be
established that an offender has not only committed an offence but is
responsible for it. 4. There is no simple way of defining what
behaviour is criminal, and this may vary between different countries and
over time. 5. Thus the criminal law
specifies who can enforce the law and what procedures are necessary to
investigate and prosecute crime, adjudicate on guilt and decide
on an appropriate sentence.
23. Âèïèø³òü ³ç
íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â ²²² òà IV ñåìåñòð³â 5 ðå÷åíü ç
ïðèñóäêîì, âèðàæåíèì ìîäàëüíèì 䳺ñëîâîì ç ³íô³í³òèâîì. Âèçíà÷òå ôîðìó
³íô³í³òèâà òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.
24. Âèïèø³òü ³ç
íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â ïî 5 ðå÷åíü ç áåçîñîáîâèìè ôîðìàìè 䳺ñëîâà Participle I ³ Participle II.
ϳäêðåñë³òü 䳺ïðèêìåòíèêè òà âèçíà÷òå ¿õ âèä (Participle I àáî
Participle II). Ïåðåêëàä³òü
ðå÷åííÿ.
25. Âèïèø³òü ³ç
íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â 10 ðå÷åíü ç ãåðóí䳺ì, ï³äêðåñë³òü öþ áåçîñîáîâó ôîðìó
䳺ñëîâà. Ïåðåê-ëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.
[*] English for Law Students: ϳäðó÷. ç àíãë. ìîâè äëÿ
ñòóä.
I – III
êóðñ³â þðèä. ñïåö. âèù. íàâ÷. çàêë. / Ãîí÷àð Î.Â., Ëèñèöüêà Î.Ï., Ìîøèíñüêà Î.Þ. òà
³í. – Õ.: Ïðàâî, 2004. – 416 ñ.
[†] Òóò ³ äàë³ – ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1, ÄÒ2
òà òåêñòè áàçîâîãî ï³äðó÷íèêà: Legal Profession(als) (C.139), Civil Law (C.146), Criminal Law (C.156), Crime Investigation: Forensic Science and Scientific Expertise (Ñ.165).