Çàâäàííÿ äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü

ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè

äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â 2 êóðñó çàî÷íîãî ôàêóëüòåòó

 

2005

 

 

 

 

Çàâäàííÿ äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â 2 êóðñó çàî÷íîãî ôàêóëüòåòó /Óêëàä. Ñåð㺺âà Ã.À., Õîäàêîâñüêà Î.Î..- Õ.: Íàö. þðèä. àêàä. Óêðà¿íè, 2005.- 32 ñ.

 

Ç Ì ² Ñ Ò

 

Çàãàëüí³ ïîëîæåííÿ....................................................

²²² ñåìåñòð.....................................................................

Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³ âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ...............................

Îñíîâíèé òåêñò (ÎÒ1)...................................................

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ.................................................

Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ..............................

Äîäàòêîâèé òåêñò (ÄÒ1)................................................

Äîäàòêîâèé òåêñò (ÄÒ2)................................................

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ.................................................

Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ êîíòðîëüíî¿ ðîáîòè...............................

IV ñåìåñòð.....................................................................

Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³ âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ...............................

Îñíîâíèé òåêñò (ÎÒ2)...................................................

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ.................................................

Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ..............................

Äîäàòêîâèé òåêñò (ÄÒ3)................................................

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ.................................................

 

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ÇÀÃÀËÜͲ ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÍß

 

Âèäàííÿ ïðèçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â-þðèñò³â ²² êóðñó çàî÷íî¿ ôîðìè íàâ÷àííÿ ³ âõîäèòü äî ñêëàäó íàâ÷àëüíî-ìåòîäè÷íîãî êîìïëåêñó, îñíîâîþ ÿêîãî º áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷íèê[*].

Ïðèíöèï ïîäàííÿ ìàòåð³àëó â ïðîïîíîâàíîìó âèäàí-í³, ôîðìóëþâàííÿ çàâäàíü òà ¿õ ïîñë³äîâíèé âèêëàä íàäຠìîæëèâ³ñòü óñåá³÷íî îïàíóâàòè îñíîâí³ ìåòîäè ðîáîòè ç ôà-õîâîþ ë³òåðàòóðîþ.

³äïîâ³äíî äî ãîëîâíî¿ ö³ëüîâî¿ íàñòàíîâè “Çàâäàííÿ ...” ñêëàäàþòüñÿ ç òàêîãî íàâ÷àëüíîãî ìàòåð³àëó:

ïåðåäòåêñòîâèõ çàâäàíü, ÿê³ ìàþòü ï³äãîòîâ÷èé õà-ðàêòåð ³ ïðèçíà÷åí³ äëÿ óñóíåííÿ ëåêñè÷íèõ ³ ãðàìàòè÷íèõ òðóäíîù³â, ùî ìîæóòü âèíèêíóòè ï³ä ÷àñ ðîáîòè ç òåêñòîì; âïðàâè öüîãî òèïó ñïðèÿþòü óäîñêîíàëåííþ íàâè÷îê ðîáîòè ç³ ñëîâíèêîì, âì³íü ðîáîòè ç ³íøîìîâíîþ ëåêñèêîþ;

àâòåíòè÷íîãî ïðîôåñ³éíî-îð³ºíòîâàíîãî òåêñòó, ÿêèé º áàçîâèì äëÿ êîìïëåêñó ïåðåä- òà ï³ñëÿòåêñòîâèõ âïðàâ;

– ï³ñëÿòåêñòîâèõ çàâäàíü, ùî ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà ðîçâèòîê íàâè÷îê ð³çíèõ âèä³â ÷èòàííÿ, ïðîäóêòèâíîãî îâîëîä³ííÿ ñïå-ö³àëüíîþ ëåêñèêîþ;

– òåêñòó äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ òà çàâäàíü äî íüîãî, ñïðÿìîâàíèõ íà âäîñêîíàëåííÿ íàâè÷îê ð³çíèõ âèä³â ÷èòàííÿ ³ ðîçóì³ííÿ ôàõîâîãî ³íøîìîâíîãî òåêñòó áåç äåòàëü-íîãî ïåðåêëàäó;

– ãðàìàòè÷íèõ âïðàâ, ìåòîþ âèêîíàííÿ ÿêèõ º çàêð³ïëåííÿ íàáóòèõ çíàíü ç ãðàìàòèêè àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè, íåîáõ³äíèõ äëÿ ðîçóì³ííÿ àíãëîìîâíîãî þðèäè÷íîãî òåêñòó;

äâîõ âàð³àíò³â êîíòðîëüíî¿ ðîáîòè, ùî ìຠçà ìåòó ïåðåâ³ðêó ÿêîñò³ çàñâîºííÿ íàâ÷àëüíîãî ìàòåð³àëó (ëåêñè÷-íîãî, ãðàìàòè÷íîãî) ³ ïåðåäáà÷åíà íàâ÷àëüíèì ïëàíîì ó ²²² ñåìåñòð³.

²²²  ñ å ì å ñ ò ð

 

Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³ âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ

 

1. À. Çàïèø³òü óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ 10 òåðì³í³â êðè-ì³íàëüíîãî ïðàâà, ùî, íà âàø ïîãëÿä, º êëþ÷îâèìè ³ ìîæóòü çóñòð³òèñÿ â òåêñò³ Images and Definitions of Crime(äàë³ – ÎÒ1). Çíàéä³òü ¿õ ó ñëîâíèêó òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüê³ åêâ³âàëåíòè.

      Á. Ïåðåãëÿíüòå ÎÒ1 òà ñïðîáóéòå çíàéòè ñëîâà, ÿê³ âè çàïèñàëè. Âèçíà÷òå, ÷è â³äïîâ³äຠçíà÷åííÿ, â ÿêîìó ö³ ñëîâà âæèòî â ÎÒ1, óêðà¿íñüêèì åêâ³âàëåíòàì, çàïèñàíèì ó âàñ. Äîäàéòå äî ñâîãî ñïèñêó ùå ê³ëüêà òåðì³í³â ³ç ÎÒ1, áåçïîñåðåäíüî ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ³ç òåìîþ “Criminal Law”, çàïèø³òü ¿õí³ çíà÷åííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.

 

2. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å ñëîâà òà ñïðîáóéòå çäîãà-äàòèñÿ ïðî ¿õí³ çíà÷åííÿ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íòåðíàö³îíàëüí³ êîðåí³. Çàïèø³òü ìîæëèâ³ âàð³àíòè ïåðåêëàäó öèõ ñë³â óê-ðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ. Ïîò³ì çíàéä³òü ¿õ â ÎÒ1 òà ïåðåâ³ðòå, ÷è ïðàâèëüíî âè ïåðåêëàëè.

Criminal; activity; to criminalize; person; image; conception; media; legally; physical; confrontation; line; accident; to sanction; tolerance; democracy; political; moral; to focus; combination; situation; status; agency; organization; police.

 

3. À. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ1 ñëîâà, óòâîðåí³ â³ä òèõ ñàìèõ êîðåí³â, ùî é ñëîâà, ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å.

To behave – ïîâîäèòèñÿ; to differ – â³äð³çíÿòèñÿ; legal – ïðàâîâèé, þðèäè÷íèé; to omit – íå ä³ÿòè, çàëèøàòèñÿ áåç-ä³ÿëüíèì; to punish – êàðàòè; serious – òÿæêèé, íåáåçïå÷íèé; to inflict – íàíîñèòè; to perpetrate – ïîðóøóâàòè êðèì³íàëüíèé çàêîí; to earn – çàðîáëÿòè, îòðèìóâàòè ïðèáóòîê; to accept – ïðèéìàòè; responsibility – â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü; to enforceïðèìóñîâî çä³éñíþâàòè, çàáåçïå÷óâàòè âèêîíàííÿ; to prohibit – çàáîðîíÿòè; to anticipate – î÷³êóâàòè, ïåðåäáà÷àòè.

      Á. Âèçíà÷òå, äî ÿêèõ ÷àñòèí ìîâè íàëåæàòü âèïèñàí³ âàìè ñëîâà, âèä³ë³òü ñëîâîòâîð÷³ åëåìåíòè, çà äîïîìîãîþ ÿêèõ âîíè áóëè óòâîðåí³, òà, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà çíà÷åííÿ ïîäàíèõ ñï³ëüíîêîðåíåâèõ ñë³â, ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.

 

4. Âèä³ë³òü ó ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñëîâàõ ïðåô³êñè, âèçíà÷òå ¿õ çíà÷åííÿ, ïåðåêëàä³òü ñëîâà óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ òà óòâîð³òü àíòîí³ì³÷í³ ïàðè.

To disapprove; unacceptability; illegal; decriminalization; illegality.

 

5. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1 ï³äêðåñëåí³ ñëîâà. Âèçíà÷òå, ÿêå ç ïîäàíèõ çíà÷åíü áëèæ÷å äî çíà÷åííÿ, â ÿêîìó ñëîâà âæèòî â òåêñò³.

 

à)                                 á)

criminal            çëî÷èííèé                   êðèì³íàëüíèé  

a crime                         çëî÷èí                         çëî÷èíí³ñòü

the public                     íàðîä                          ñóñï³ëüñòâî

liability                         â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü          îáîâ’ÿçîê

regulations                    ïîñòàíîâè                   ïðàâèëà

the combination ïîºäíàííÿ                   êîìá³íàö³ÿ

a sentence                    ðå÷åííÿ                       ïîêàðàííÿ

the responsibility           â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü          îáîâ’ÿçîê

a criminal                     çëî÷èííèé                   çëî÷èíåöü

 

6. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ1 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ ç³ ñëîâîì criminal òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, âðàõîâóþ÷è ð³çí³ çíà÷åííÿ öüîãî ñëîâà, ïîäàí³ ó âïð.5.

 

7. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ1 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ ç ïîäàíèìè ñëîâàìè òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.

Behaviour; liability; commonsense; action(s); public; rules; law.

 

8. Øâèäêî ïeðeãëÿíüòå ÎÒ1, íå âäàþ÷èñü äî ïåðåêëàäó. Ñïðîáóéòå çðîçóì³òè ëèøå çàãàëüíèé çì³ñò òåêñòó, çíàéä³òü òà âèïèø³òü ³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî:

eleven kinds of crimes;

two conceptions of a crime and the main differences between them;

definition of a criminal;

three elements constituting a criminal act;

the main ways criminal law regulates behaviour;

sources of criminal law;

criminal law and law enforcement.

 

9. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÎÒ1 óâàæíî, íàìàãàþ÷èñü äåòàëüíî çðîçóì³òè éîãî çì³ñò. Âèïèø³òü ³ç òåêñòó âèä³ëåí³ æèðíèì øðèôòîì ñëîâà, ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ  òà ôðàçè ³ çàïèø³òü ¿õí³ óê-ðà¿íñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè.

 

Îñíîâíèé òåêñò (ÎÒ1)

 

IMAGES AND DEFINITIONS OF CRIME

 

Criminal justice is a response to activities, which are against the criminal law. In most countries, particular kinds of behaviour are criminalised through the criminal law, formulated in some countries by a penal code. There is no simple way of defining what behaviour is criminal, and this may vary between different countries and over time. Nonetheless, in most societies similar kinds of behaviour are considered to be criminal, including homicide, rape, arson, kidnapping, robbery and burglary, assault, theft, fraud and motoring offences. Thus if a person does something which is considered to be a crime in one country, it will practically always be considered to be a crime in other countries.

What is a crime? This is not such an easy question to answer because there are a number of different images associated with the words crime and criminal, from the legal conception of a crime used to establish a person’s liability for criminal conduct, to the wider conception of a crime used by the public and the media.

Legally, a crime is any act or omission proscribed by the criminal law and thus punishable by the state through the criminal justice process. The criminal law and its associated punishment are used against a very wide range of behaviour – from murder, rape and assault to driving with excess alcohol, parking on a yellow line and failing to comply with health and safety regulations. But while few would dispute that murder is and should be an offence, not all members of the public would think of someone who drives with excess alcohol in their blood as a criminal.

The public have a commonsense view of what they regard as a crime. Behaviour, which people disapprove of is often described as criminal to emphasise its seriousness and unacceptability. These commonsense images are associated with the deliberate infliction of physical harm often involving a confrontation between an offender and a victim. Yet not all activities proscribed by the criminal law are necessarily regarded as crimes, or their perpetrators as criminals. Members of the public may fail to disclose their full earnings to the Inland Revenue without regarding themselves as criminals, or being viewed as such by others. Different groups therefore may have different conceptions of where to draw the line between acceptable behaviour and crime. Even where individuals are injured and killed as a result of illegal actions they may not always be regarded as victims of crime. Many injuries and deaths are caused by neglect of health and safety regulations and are dealt with as accidents rather than as crimes, and those responsible are rarely sanctioned as criminals.

But public tolerance of different activities changes over time and legal categories are also subject to change. It leads to criminalization of some behaviour and to decriminalization of others. Hence the legal conception of crime is subject to change and depends, in a parliamentary democracy, on political as well as moral considerations.

There is a definition of a criminal, which can help to avoid confusion between the legal conception of crime used by lawyers and its everyday usage: “A person whose behaviour is in breach of legally prescribed rules which renders that person liable to criminal proceedings”. This definition focuses on three elements that constitute a criminal act: behaviour, rules and enforcement.

Criminal law is essentially concerned with the regulation of behaviour. This may involve prohibitions on some kinds of behaviour, such as stealing or harming another person’s property. Other laws may require a specific action, such as having insurance when driving a car, or complying with regulations. In some instances it is the combination of behaviour with a particular situation that defines a crime such as being drunk in a public place. In others it is the combination of status with behaviour such as the purchase of alcohol by someone under 16 years of age. Illegality covers a multitude of actions, responsibilities, circumstances and status and hence the diversity of acts that may be characterized as criminal is considerable. The rules that determine whether or not behaviour is criminal are found in legislation passed by Parliament (statutes) or in decisions of the courts (precedents) that provide the legal definition of criminal acts.

But laws do not have any impact unless they are enforced, or unless there is the anticipation of enforcement. Thus the criminal law specifies who can enforce the law and what procedures are necessary to investigate and prosecute crime, adjudicate on guilt and decide on an appropriate sentence. Enforcement is the responsibility of specialized agencies or organizations specifically given the right to enforce the law, such as the police, Customs and Excise Officers and Crown prosecutors.

 

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ

 

10. Óñíî ðîçêðèéòå íàñòóïí³ ïîëîæåííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íôîðìàö³þ ÎÒ1:

There is no simple way of defining what behaviour is criminal.

It is difficult to answer what should be regarded as a crime.

The legal conception of crime is subject to change.

Criminal law is essentially concerned with the regulation of behaviour.

The diversity of acts that may be characterized as criminal is considerable.

Laws should be enforced.

 

11. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1 òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüê³ â³äïîâ³ä-íèêè äî ïîäàíèõ óêðà¿íñüêèõ ñë³â òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü. Âèáå-ð³òü áóäü-ÿê³ ï’ÿòü ñë³â òà ñêëàä³òü ³ç íèìè âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ, çàïèø³òü ¿õ.

Êðèì³íàëüíå ïðàâî; êðèì³íàëüíèé êîäåêñ; çëî÷èííà ïîâåä³íêà; çëî÷èí; ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê çëî÷èí; ââàæàòè çëî÷èíöåì; âáèâñòâî; ï³äïàë; òÿæêå âáèâñòâî; âèêðàäåííÿ ëþäèíè ç ìå-òîþ âèêóïó; øàõðàéñòâî; êðàä³æêà ç³ çëîìîì; íàïàä; ãðàá³æ; â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü çà çëî÷èí (çëî÷èííó ïîâåä³íêó); íåâèêîíàí-íÿ ïðàâèë òåõí³êè áåçïåêè; çàáîðîíåíèé (ïðîãîëîøåíèé ïîçà çàêîíîì); ïîêàðàííÿ; êàðàíèé (òîé, ùî ï³äëÿãຠïîêàðàííþ); çëî÷èíåöü; íàâìèñíå (óìèñíå) íàíåñåííÿ ò³ëåñíèõ ïîøêîä-æåíü; ïîðóøíèê êðèì³íàëüíîãî çàêîíó; âïëèâ; çàëåæàòè â³ä ïîë³òè÷íèõ òà ìîðàëüíèõ ì³ðêóâàíü.

 

12. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1 òà çàïèø³òü àíòîí³ìè äî ïîäàíèõ ñë³â:

to defend, civil, similar, omission, offender, permission, complex.

 

13. Çíàéä³òü ñåðåä ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â ñëîâà, ïîä³áí³ çà çíà÷åííÿì òà çàïèø³òü ñèíîí³ì³÷í³ ïàðè.

Offender; influence; proper; liability; criminal (adj.); to define; to consider; sentence; to regard; offence; perpetrator; answer; behaviour; penal; bodily; to view; crime; punishment; impact; responsibility; a criminal; particular; effect; society; proscribed; to specify; appropriate; intentional; response; conduct; public; prohibited; physical; specific; deliberate.

 

14. Âñòàâòå ïðîïóùåí³ ïðèéìåííèêè. Ó ðàç³ íåîáõ³ä-íîñò³, çâåðòàéòåñÿ äî ÎÒ1.

Particular kinds of behaviour are criminalized … the criminal law; liability … criminal conduct; a confrontation … an offender and a victim; many injuries and deaths are caused … neglect of safety regulations; legal categories are subject … change; legal conception of crime depends … political and moral considerations; to be … breach … legally prescribed rules; person liable … criminal proceedings; prohibitions … some kinds of behaviour; the combination of status … behaviour; to adjudicate … guilt; to decide … appropriate sentence.

 

15. Çàê³í÷³òü ðå÷åííÿ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ïðî÷èòàíèé ÎÒ1.

Crime is… .

Crime must be… .

Crime has such… as… .

 

16. Çàïèø³òü â³äïîâ³ä³ íà çàïèòàííÿ:

1.  What is the aim of criminal justice?

2.  What kinds of behaviour are considered to be criminal in most societies?

3.  What is the legal definition of a crime? Could you give your own definition?

4.  Is any act or omission proscribed by the criminal law regarded as a crime by ordinary people?

5.  How can the legal conceptions of a crime be changed?

6.  In what way do changes in the public tolerance of different activities influence the evolution of legal categories?

7.  What does behaviour as the element of a criminal act mean?

8.  What documents contain rules determining criminal behaviour?

9.  Who is responsible for law enforcement?

 

Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ

 

17. Øâèäêî ïåðåãëÿíüòå ÄÒ1, íàìàãàþ÷èñü çðîçóì³òè éîãî çàãàëüíèé çì³ñò. Ç íàâåäåíèõ íèæ÷å ðå÷åíü âèáåð³òü òå, ÿêå, íà âàø ïîãëÿä, íàéêðàùå â³äîáðàæຠîñíîâíó äóìêó òåêñòó.

1. People should be punished for all actions violating criminal laws.

2. There are different levels of intent and seriousness of offences.

3. Establishing the culpability of a defendant requires defining elements of a crime and levels of intent and seriousness.

 

18. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ1 óâàæíî, çíàéä³òü íåîáõ³äíó ³íôîðìàö³þ é óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ ðîçêàæ³òü ïðî:

elements of a crime;

criminal liability;

different levels of intent.

 

19. Çâåðí³òüñÿ äî òåêñòó ³ çíàéä³òü ó íüîìó äåô³í³ö³¿ ð³çíèõ âèä³â óáèâñòâ. Äàéòå â³äïîâ³äü íà ïèòàííÿ:

Which kind of killing is the least serious, more serious and the most serious?

 

 

Äîäàòêîâèé òåêñò (ÄÒ1)

 

ELEMENTS OF A CRIME AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY

 

Criminal liability is one of the most important concepts of criminal law. 1) Not all actions violating the criminal law are necessarily criminal because there may be an excuse or acceptable reason for such behaviour. In legal sense they may not be blameworthy or culpable. 2) Establishing the culpability of a defendant is therefore central to the criminal process and explains the central role of the trial as the mechanism of establishing criminal liability.

One of the most fundamental principles of criminal law is that people should not be punished unless they have both committed the act or omission in question and are blameworthy. 3) This means that in order to consider a person culpable, it must be established that an offender has not only committed an offence but is responsible for it. These two aspects are usually referred to as the actus reus, the guilty act, and the mens rea, the guilty mind. Both the act and the intention are generally required before someone is deemed to be guilty of a crime. 4) However some crimes, called crimes of strict or absolute liability, do not require a guilty mind. 5) These include such offences as speeding, drinking and driving, applying a false trade description to goods. These types of crimes do not attract the same level of blame as offences that involve intention.

The concepts of actus reus and mens rea can be illustrated by the definition of theft: “A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving that other of it”. 6) It can be seen that two different elements make up the offence: first, the act of appropriating property belonging to another person, and, secondly, the mental element of dishonesty and the intent to permanently deprive another person of property. If any of these elements is missing, the offence is not committed. 7) For example, in the case of taking another person’s car for the purpose of using it as a conveyance, popularly known as joyriding, the taker never intended to keep the car, thus one cannot be guilty of theft, having no “intention to permanently deprive”. Therefore a different offence had to be created to punish this conduct as a crime. The offence is “taking a conveyance without the owner’s consent”.

Different offences relating to similar behaviour, for example assault, may reflect different levels of intent and seriousness. 8)The seriousness of the different crimes relating to offences of violence is determined both by injury inflicted and the level of intention, thereby combining an assessment of actus reus and mens rea in determining culpability. 9) Common assault, defined as the intentional or reckless causing of another to fear immediate unlawful violence, is the least serious kind of this crime; more serious is the offence of occasioning actual bodily harm, which means any physical harm and there is no need to establish whether the accused intended the kind of injury that occurred or not; far more serious is the offence of unlawfully and maliciously wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm, which means really serious harm; and the most serious is the offence of malicious wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent to do grievous bodily harm. This is also reflected in the different kinds of homicide, including murder, manslaughter and infanticide.

 

20. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ2, âèçíà÷òå éîãî îñíîâí³ ³äå¿ òà ñêëàä³òü ïëàí òåêñòó.

 

21. Çíàéä³òü ó ÄÒ2 ³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî:

à) ö³ë³ ïîêàðàííÿ;

á) âèäè ïîêàðàííÿ.

 

22. Óâàæíî ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ2 òà äàéòå â³äïîâ³ä³ íà çàïèòàííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.

 

1.  What is the aim of sentencing?

2.  Are there any justifications for sentencing?

3.  What is the main distinctive feature of the criminal law?

 

23. Íàïèø³òü àíîòàö³þ ÄÒ2 óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, äîòðèìóþ÷èñü ñêëàäåíîãî ïëàíó (çàâä. 20) òà âèñâ³òëþþ÷è ëèøå îñíîâí³ àñïåêòè.

 

Äîäàòêîâèé òåêñò (ÄÒ2)

 

       AIMS OF SENTENCING AND TYPES OF PUNISHMENT

 

1)Sentencing is a key function of the criminal justice process and involves many different and often conflicting considerations as to the choice of sentence affected by the multiple aims of sentencing. The aim of sentencing is the purpose or objective that the sentencer is seeking to achieve. 2)The justification for sentencing involves considering why the aims are desirable: whether it can reduce or prevent crime, or just mark unacceptable behaviour.

3)Usually a sentence involves some form of punishment, and a key feature, distinguishing criminal law from other branches, is that it involves the state imposing a punishment on an offender, which follows a finding of guilt under the procedures of due process. Through punishment one or more sentencing aims are hoped to achieve: retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence, denunciation and restitution.

4)Rehabilitation aims to change future behavior through treatment and training; deterrence aims to make the potential offender think again through the anticipation of future sanctions. Incapacitation seeks to restrain offenders physically to make it impossible for them to re-offend. There is also another aspect of sentencing. In the aims of retribution, denunciation and incapacitation is the desire of the public to see criminals punished. 5)Restitution also seeks directly or indirectly to compensate the victim for the harm suffered.

There are four main categories of sentence available to the courts: discharges (absolute and conditional); financial penalties (fines, compensation of personal injury or property damage to the victim, costs); community penalties (probation order, community service order requiring the offender to do unpaid work for the community for a specified number of hours, combination order, supervision order); custodial sentences (imprisonment including the suspended sentence).

 

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ

 

24. Çàïèø³òü ïîäàí³ ñêëàäíîï³äðÿäí³ ðå÷åííÿ, âèçíà÷òå ãîëîâíó òà ï³äðÿäíó ÷àñòèíó òà ï³äêðåñë³òü ï³äìåò ³ ïðèñóäîê. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.

 

1. If a person does something, which is considered to be a crime in one country, it will practically always be considered to be a crime in other countries. 2. Even where individuals are injured and killed as a result of illegal actions they may not always be regarded as victims of crime. 3. One of the most fundamental principles of criminal law is that people should not be punished unless they have both committed the act or omission in question and are blameworthy. 4. A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving that other of it.

 

25. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1 òà ÄÒ2 òðè ïðîñòèõ, òðè ñêëàäíîï³äðÿäíèõ òà òðè ñêëàäíîñóðÿäíèõ ðå÷åííÿ. Âèçíà÷òå ÷àñòèíè ðå÷åííÿ, ï³äêðåñë³òü ï³äìåò òà ïðèñóäîê, ïåðåêëàä³òü.

 

26. Çíàéä³òü ³ âèïèø³òü ç ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1 òà ÄÒ2 ñêëàäíîï³äðÿäí³ ðå÷åííÿ ç³ ñïîëó÷íèêàìè who, which, where, that. Âèçíà÷òå âèä ï³äðÿäíîãî ðå÷åííÿ (ï³äðÿäíå äîäàòêîâå, ï³äðÿäíå îçíà÷àëüíå, ï³äðÿäíå ì³ñöÿ òà ³í.). Ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.

 

27. Âèçíà÷òå âèä ï³äðÿäíîãî çâ’ÿçêó â íàâåäåíèõ íèæ÷å ðå÷åííÿõ òà âèáåð³òü â³äïîâ³äíèé ñïîëó÷íèê.

 

1. It can be seen (who, that) two different elements make up the offence. 2. Criminal justice is a response to activities, (who, that) are against the criminal law. 3.The public have a commonsense view of (what, who) they regard as crime. 4. There is a definition of a criminal, (who, which) can help to avoid confusion between the legal conception of crime used by lawyers and its everyday usage. 5.This definition focuses on three elements (that, who) constitute a criminal act: behaviour, rules and enforcement.

 

28. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîäàíèé íèæ÷å òåêñò. Çàïîâí³òü ïðîïóñêè, óòâîðèâøè ç³ ñë³â, ïîäàíèõ ó äóæêàõ, â³äïîâ³äíó ÷àñòèíó ìîâè. Çàïèø³òü òåêñò, ï³äêðåñë³òü áåçîñîáîâ³ ôîðìè 䳺ñëîâà (Gerund, Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II), íàçâ³òü ¿õ òà çàïèø³òü ïåðåêëàä òåêñòó óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ, çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà ïåðåêëàä áåçîñîáîâèõ ôîðì 䳺ñëîâà.

 

There are many … (to differ) kinds of crimes. … (Kidnapper), taking somebody away and demanding a ransom for their return, is a particularly serious … (to offend). The police often offer a reward, which is sometimes quite a … (substantially) sum of money, for … (informer) leading to the … (to arrest) of a … (crime). It is not always easy for a jury … (decision) whether a … (suspicious) is … (guilt) or not. The interviewing of a suspect often takes days, or even weeks. Having decided on their verdict, the jury do not, however, have to decide how long a … (to sentence) to give. That is the job of the … (judgment).

 

29. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1, ÄÒ2 òà âèïèø³òü ðå÷åííÿ ç áåçîñîáîâèìè ôîðìàìè 䳺ñëîâà, ï³äêðåñë³òü òà íàçâ³òü ¿õ. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.

 

 


ÇÀÂÄÀÍÍß ÄËß ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍί ÐÎÁÎÒÈ

 

 à ð ³ à í ò  1

 

1. Âèáåð³òü ³ç çàïðîïîíîâàíèõ íèæ÷å òåì áóäü-ÿê³ òðè. Ñôîðìóëþéòå àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ òà çàïèø³òü êîðîòê³ ïîÿñ-íåííÿ äî íèõ (5-6 ðå÷åíü), âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è ³íôîðìàö³þ ç íàâ-÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â III ñåìåñòðó[†]. Äîïîâí³òü ïîÿñíåííÿ ³íôîð-ìàö³ºþ, ÿêà íå ì³ñòèòüñÿ â íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñòàõ ³ áóëà îòðè-ìàíà âàìè ç ³íøèõ äæåðåë (íàâ÷àëüíî¿, íàóêîâî¿, äîâ³äêîâî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè – çðîá³òü ïîñèëàííÿ íà äæåðåëî ³íôîðìàö³¿).

1. The difference between civil law and criminal law.

2. The difference between patent law and copyright law.

3. The concepts of actus reus and mens rea.

4. The differences between the criminal law of most common law countries and that of European countries.

5. The role of forensic science in the investigation of crime.

6. The concept of criminal liability.

 

2. Ñêëàä³òü òà çàïèø³òü ïëàí òåêñòó “Criminal Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 156 – 158) ó ôîðì³ ïèòàíü, óìîâíî ðîç-ä³ëèâøè éîãî íà ê³ëüêà çì³ñòîâèõ ÷àñòèí.

 

3. Ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íôîðìàö³þ íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â òà äîäàòêîâó àíãëîìîâíó ë³òåðàòóðó ç³ ñïåö³àëüíîñò³, íàïèø³òü êîðîòêå (10 – 12 ðå÷åíü) ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ íà îäíó ç ïîäàíèõ òåì:

1. Methods of Identification.

2. Advocacy in the UK Comparing with that of Ukraine.

3. Civil Law – Complex and Important Branch of Ukrainian Law.

4. Criminal Liability and Fundamental Principles of Criminal Law.

4. Íàïèø³òü àíîòàö³þ äî òåêñòó “Civil Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 146 – 148) óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ (îáñÿã 5 – 6 ðå÷åíü).

 

5. Âèçíà÷òå, äî ÿêî¿ ÷àñòèíè ìîâè â³äíîñÿòüñÿ ñëîâà â ãðóïàõ à), á) òà â). Óòâîð³òü ç ïîäàíèìè ñëîâàìè 5 – 7 ñëîâî-ñïîëó÷åíü, çàïèø³òü òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ:

à) criminal, penal, serious, acceptable, legal, culpable;

á) behaviour, guilt, crime, omission, code, liability, person, proceedings, action, criminal;

â) to punish, to criminalize, to establish, to investigate,
to institute, to prosecute, to consider.

 

6. Çàïèø³òü òåðì³íè, ÿê³ â³äïîâ³äàþòü ïîäàíèì çíà-÷åííÿì òà ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç íàâåäåíèõ áóêâ. Ñêëàä³òü ç êîæíèì ³ç öèõ ñë³â âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ, çàïèø³òü òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ:

1) physically attacking someone a………. ;

2) killing unintentially                            m……… ;

3) setting fire to property illegally          a........... .

 

7. Ïðî³ëþñòðóéòå çíà÷åííÿ ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü, âèêîðèñòàâøè ¿õ ó âëàñíèõ ðå÷åííÿõ.

Criminal justice; to punish; an excuse or acceptable reason; to commit an act or omission; criminal; injury; infliction.

 

8. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ïîäàí³ ñëîâà òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ.

Êðèì³íàëüíå ïðàâî; âñòàíîâëåííÿ êðèì³íàëüíî¿ â³äïî-â³äàëüíîñò³; íàì³ð; áóòè âèííèì ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó; ïîðó-øóâàòè ïåðåäáà÷åí³ (âñòàíîâëåí³) çàêîíîì íîðìè; ïðàâèëà òåõí³êè áåçïåêè; çëî÷èíåöü; ï³äïàë; ð³øåííÿ ñóäó; ïðåöåäåíò.

 

9. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÄÒ1 ÷îòèðè ðå÷åííÿ, âèä³ëåí³ êóð-ñèâîì, ï³äêðåñë³òü òà âèçíà÷òå áåçîñîáîâ³ ôîðìè 䳺ñëîâà. Ïå-ðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ, çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà ïåðåêëàä áåçîñîáîâèõ ôîðì 䳺ñëîâà.

 

 

 

 à ð ³ à í ò  2

 

1. Âèáåð³òü ³ç íàâåäåíèõ íèæ÷å òåì áóäü-ÿê³ òðè. Ñôîðìóëþéòå àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ òà çàïèø³òü êîðîòê³ ïîÿñ-íåííÿ äî íèõ (5 6 ðå÷åíü), âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è ³íôîðìàö³þ ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â III ñåìåñòðó. Äîïîâí³òü ïîÿñíåííÿ ³í ôîð-ìàö³ºþ, ÿêà íå ì³ñòèòüñÿ â íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñòàõ ³ áóëà îòðè-ìàíà âàìè ç ³íøèõ äæåðåë (íàâ÷àëüíî¿, íàóêîâî¿, äîâ³äêîâî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè; çðîá³òü ïîñèëàííÿ íà äæåðåëî ³íôîðìàö³¿):

4.   The difference between two separate branches of the legal profession (solicitors and barristers) in the UK.

5.   The difference between intellectual property and other forms of property.

6.   The role of Criminal Law in regulation of behaviour.

7.   Difficulties in defining behaviour as criminal.

8.   The meaning of the term “double jeopardy”.

9.   The reasons for changing of the legal conception of crime.

 

2. Ñêëàä³òü òà çàïèø³òü ïëàí òåêñòó “Civil Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 146 – 148) ó ôîðì³ ïèòàíü, óìîâíî ðîç-ä³ëèâøè éîãî íà ê³ëüêà çì³ñòîâèõ ÷àñòèí.

 

3. Ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íôîðìàö³þ íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â òà äîäàòêîâó àíãëîìîâíó ë³òåðàòóðó ç³ ñïåö³àëüíîñò³, íàïèø³òü êîðîòêå (10 – 12 ðå÷åíü) ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ íà îäíó ç ïîäàíèõ òåì:

1.  The role of Forensic Science in the Administration of Justice.

2.  Internationalization of the Legal Profession.

3.  Intellectual Property Protection in Ukraine.

4.  The legal Conception of Crime.

 

4. Íàïèø³òü àíîòàö³þ äî òåêñòó “Criminal Law” (áàçîâèé ï³äðó÷., ñ. 156 – 158) óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ (îáñÿã 5 – 6 ðå÷åíü).

 

 

5. Âèçíà÷òå, äî ÿêî¿ ÷àñòèíè ìîâè íàëåæàòü ñëîâà â ãðóïàõ à), á) òà â). Óòâîð³òü ³ç ïîäàíèìè ñëîâàìè 5 – 7 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü, çàïèø³òü òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ:

à) criminal, penal, serious, acceptable, legal, culpable;

á) behaviour, guilt, crime, omission, code, liability, person, proceedings, action, criminal;

â) to punish; to criminalize; to establish; to investigate; to institute; to prosecute; to consider.

 

6. Çàïèø³òü òåðì³íè, ÿê³ â³äïîâ³äàþòü ïîäàíèì çíà÷åí-íÿì òà ïî÷èíàþòüñÿ ç íàâåäåíèõ áóêâ. Ñêëàä³òü ç êîæíèì ³ç öèõ ñë³â âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ, çàïèø³òü òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.

1) killing intentially                                m……… ;

2) the act of stealing                              th..…….. ;

3) driving more quickly than the limit      s……….. .

 

7. Ïðî³ëþñòðóéòå çíà÷åííÿ ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â òà ôðàç, âèêîðèñòàâøè ¿õ ó âëàñíèõ ðå÷åííÿõ.

Àctus reus; mens rea; to punish; culpable; trial; to commit an omission; absolute liability; intention; to sanction; injury; physical harm.

 

8. Ïåðåêëàä³òü ïîäàí³ ñëîâà òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ.

Çëî÷èííèé; âñòàíîâëþâàòè êðèì³íàëüíó â³äïîâ³äàëü-í³ñòü; áóòè âèííèì ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó; ïîðóøóâàòè ïåðåäáà÷åí³ (âñòàíîâëåí³) çàêîíîì íîðìè; ïðàâèëà òåõí³êè áåçïåêè; çëî÷èíåöü; ï³äïàë; ïðåöåäåíò.

 

9. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÄÒ2 ÷îòèðè ðå÷åííÿ, âèä³ëåí³ êóð-ñèâîì, ï³äêðåñë³òü òà âèçíà÷òå áåçîñîáîâ³ ôîðìè 䳺ñëîâà. Ïå-ðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ, çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà ïåðåêëàä áåçîñîáîâèõ ôîðì 䳺ñëîâà.


²V  ñ å ì å ñ ò ð

 

Ïåðåäòåêñòîâ³ âïðàâè òà çàâäàííÿ

 

1. À. Ïðèãàäàéòå çíà÷åííÿ ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ law enforcementòà çíàéä³òü óêðà¿íñüêèé åêâ³âàëåíò ñëîâîñïî-ëó÷åííÿ law enforcement body.

Á. ×è çíàºòå âè, ÿê³ çàâäàííÿ, ôóíêö³¿ òà ïîâíî-âàæåííÿ ìàþòü ïðàâîîõîðîíí³ îðãàíè? ßê³ ç ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â ïîçíà÷àþòü 䳿, ùî ìîæå çä³éñíþâàòè ñï³âðîá³òíèê ïðà-âîîõîðîííèõ îðãàí³â? Âèïèø³òü ¿õ òà çíàéä³òü ¿õí³ óêðà¿íñüê³ åêâ³âàëåíòè. Ïîÿñí³òü ñâ³é âèá³ð.

To apprehend; to defend an accused in court; to convict; to detain; to imprison; to investigate; to lock up; to safeguard; to plead guilty; to search; to arrest; to seize; to sentence; to take into custody; to charge; to detect.

Â. ϳä ÷àñ âèêîíàííÿ ÿêî¿ ç ïåðåë³÷åíèõ ó çàâäàíí³ 1 (Á) ä³é îô³öåð ïîë³ö³¿ ïîâèíåí ñêàçàòè òàê³ ñëîâà:

You do not have to say anything but it may harm your defense if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court, anything you do say may be given in evidence”.

Ã. Ïîÿñí³òü ñï³ëüíå òà ðîçá³æíå â çíà÷åííÿõ òåðì³í³â: à) arrest, custody, detention, apprehension; á) to investigate, to detect. Ïðî³ëþñòðóéòå ð³çíèöþ ó âæèâàíí³ ïîäàíèõ òåð-ì³í³â, ñêëàâøè ç íèìè âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ.

 

2. Ç ïîäàíèõ íèæ÷å ñë³â òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü âèïèø³òü ò³, çíà÷åííÿ ÿêèõ âàì óæå â³äîì³, òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ. Îêðåìî çàïèø³òü íîâ³ ñëîâà òà çíàéä³òü ó ñëîâíèêó ¿õí³ óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè. Ïåðåâ³ðòå, ÷è â³äïîâ³äàþòü çàïèñàí³ âàìè çíà÷åííÿ çíà÷åííÿì öèõ ñë³â â ÎÒ2.

Police forces; to investigate; agency; to keep the peace; to detect; guilty; an offence; search; to obtain; powers; force; enactments; to settle; dispute; police officer; to prevent; individuals; injury; property; duty; right; justice; office; conduct; distinction; regulations; liable; citizen; to carry out duties; seizure; official; to obstruct; criminal justice; death; order; to resolve; serious crime; victim; to maintain; to facilitate; government; breach; prohibited; behaviour.

 

3. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å ñëîâà òà ñïðîáóéòå çäîãàäàòèñÿ ïðî ¿õí³ çíà÷åííÿ, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ³íòåð-íàö³îíàëüí³ êîðåí³. Çàïèø³òü ìîæëèâ³ âàð³àíòè ïåðåêëàäó öèõ ñë³â óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ. Ïîò³ì çíàéä³òü ¿õ â ÎÒ2 òà ïåðå-â³ðòå, ÷è ïðàâèëüíî âè ¿õ ïåðåêëàëè.

Exclusively; special; transport; industry; local; constable; uniform; detailed; discipline; ordinary; service; to patrol; dispute; complex (adj.); segment; control; to assist; conflict; to identify; security; stop; arrest.

 

4. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ2 ï³äêðåñëåí³ ñëîâà. Âèçíà÷òå, ÿêå ç ïîäàíèõ çíà÷åíü áëèæ÷å äî çíà÷åííÿ, â ÿêîìó ñëîâà âæèâà-þòüñÿ â òåêñò³.

    à)                                   á)

to charge with          ïîêëàäàòè, íàä³ëÿòè       îáâèíóâà÷óâàòè

crime                       çëî÷èíí³ñòü                    çëî÷èí

to provide                äàâàòè, íàäàâàòè            ïåðåäáà÷àòè

public                      äåðæàâíèé                                 ñóñï³ëüíèé

a way                      ñïîñ³á, çàñ³á                    íàïðÿìîê

 

5. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ2 ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ ç³ ñëîâàìè powers, crime, citizen(s) òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ¿õ.

 

6. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÎÒ2, íå âäàþ÷èñü äî ïåðåêëàäó. Ñïðî-áóéòå çðîçóì³òè ëèøå çàãàëüíèé çì³ñò òà çíàéä³òü ó òåêñò³ ³íôîðìàö³þ ïðî:

à) äåðæàâí³ óñòàíîâè òà îðãàíè, ùî çä³éñíþþòü ïðà-âîîõîðîíí³ ôóíêö³¿;

á) òå, ÷èì â³äð³çíÿºòüñÿ ðîëü ïîë³ö³¿ òà çâè÷àéíèõ ãðî-ìàäÿí â îõîðîí³ ïðàâîïîðÿäêó;

â) 䳿 ãðîìàäÿí ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî ïîë³ö³¿, ÿê³ ââà-æàþòüñÿ çëî÷èííèìè.

 

 

7. Ïåðåãëÿíüòå òåêñò òà âèçíà÷òå, äî êîãî àáî äî ÷îãî â³äíîñÿòüñÿ ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å ñëîâà:

special police forces; investigatory agencies; the bulk of investigatory and law enforcement work; to take all steps for peace keeping ; a citizen in uniform; holds the office of constable; is not liable in law for failure to preserve the peace; to be guilty of misconduct in public office; has more limited powers; ordinary; additional; life or death results; may provide the basis for entry upon property.

 

8. Ïðî÷èòàéòå òåêñò ÎÒ2, çâåðòàþ÷è óâàãó íà äåòàë³. Âèïèø³òü ³ç òåêñòó âèä³ëåí³ æèðíèì øðèôòîì ñëîâà òà ñïî-ëó÷åííÿ ñë³â ³ çàïèø³òü ¿õí³ óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè.

 

Îñíîâíèé òåêñò (ÎÒ2)

 

THE POLICE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

 

Law enforcement is primarily, but not exclusively, in the hands of the 43 police forces of England and Wales. Besides the police forces that exist under the Police Act 1964, other organizations play important role in law enforcement. There are special police forces such as the Ministry of Defense Police and British Transport Police; investigatory agencies: the Serious Fraud Office, the Department of Trade and Industry and other bodies such as the Inland Revenue, Customs & Excise, Health and Safety Executive and local authorities which have investigative powers of importance. Nevertheless it is the police who perform the bulk of investigatory and law enforcement work.

Though it is part of the obligations and duties of a police constable to take all steps, which are necessary for keeping the peace, for preventing crime or for protecting property from criminal injury, and also to detect crime and to bring an offender to justice, all individuals have a duty and a right to preserve the peace. Since individuals have both rights and duties in respect of law enforcement and keeping the peace, it would be idle to pretend that a police constable is simply “a citizen in uniform”.

Every police officer holds the office of constable and is a part of an organization with its own command structure governed by detailed regulations dealing with conditions of employment, personal conduct and discipline. Therefore there is a distinction between law enforcement role of the police and that of a citizen – an individual is not liable in law for failure to preserve the peace whereas a constable, by contrast, may be guilty of the offence of misconduct in a public office. A citizen also has more limited powers.

Actually police generally have no more powers than ordinary citizens, but there are many additional powers that they are given under legislation and under many other enactments. Thus, police in carrying out their duties of criminal law enforcement have powers of arrest, search and seizure, power to obtain information (to question people and officials) beyond that of the ordinary citizen. It is an offence to obstruct the police in the course of their duties, as it is to waste their time.

Decisions, which are made by the police, are among the most important and difficult in all criminal justice because they can have life or death results. Police agencies as well as individual police officers make conscious decisions about daily activities – investigation, arrest and use of force. As “crime fighters” police are expected to control or reduce crime, protect citizens, provide service to the public, and be representatives and guards of the public order. Perhaps no other segment of society is charged with as complex task as the police.

The police are also responsible for traffic control, answering emergency calls, guarding dignitaries, settling disputes between neighbours, and many other functions. There is simply no other organization or agency that patrols the streets and is ready to be called on 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. A detailed listing of the duties placed on the police is not possible here, but in general they function in the following ways: to prevent or control “serious crime”, to assist and protect victims of crimes, to protect constitutional guarantees, to facilitate the movement of people and vehicles, to assist the intoxicated, addicted, mentally ill, physically disabled, old, young and others who cannot care for themselves, to resolve conflicts between individuals and groups, to identify problems before they become more serious for individuals, police or the government, to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community.

A police officer is entitled to take any action necessary to prevent a breach of the peace. This may involve restraint and temporary detention of an individual, requiring an individual not to go to a certain place, to travel by a certain route, to undertake proposed activity elsewhere or in different way. It may involve stop and search powers, the powers of seizure of stolen or prohibited articles. A threatened breach of the peace may also provide the basis for entry upon property. Finally, it may provide the basis for the arrest of an individual with a view to taking an individual before a Magistrates’ Court to be bound over to be of good behaviour and to keep the peace.

 

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ

 

9. À. Çíàéä³òü, â ÿêîìó àáçàö³ ÎÒ2 ì³ñòèòüñÿ ³íôîð-ìàö³ÿ ïðî:

1)   îñíîâí³ íàïðÿìêè ðîáîòè ïîë³ö³¿;

2)   ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ïîë³ö³¿, ïîâ’ÿçàíó ç âèêîíàííÿì ïðàâî- îõîðîííèõ ôóíêö³é ó ñèñòåì³ êðèì³íàëüíîãî ñóäî÷èíñòâà;

3)   îáîâ’ÿçêè ïîë³ö³¿ ùîäî çàáåçïå÷åííÿ áåçïåêè òà ñóñï³ëüíîãî ïîðÿäêó;

4)   ïîâíîâàæåííÿ îô³öåðà ïîë³ö³¿ ï³ä ÷àñ âèêîíàííÿ ñëóæáîâèõ îáîâ’ÿçê³â.

Á. Âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è îòðèìàíó ³íôîðìàö³þ, ñòèñëî ðîçêðèéòå íàâåäåí³ ïîëîæåííÿ óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîâîþ.

 

10. Âèïèø³òü ³ç ÎÒ2 ñëîâà ãðóïàìè â³äïîâ³äíî äî ïî-äàíèõ êàòåãîð³é:

1) peace-keeping functions of the police;

2) names of offences;

3) crime-fighting functions of the police;

4) powers of the police while carrying out their duties of criminal law enforcement.

11. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ2 òà âèïèø³òü ñèíîí³ìè äî ïîäàíèõ ñë³â:

to help; to defend; society; to keep; apprehension; aim; to resolve.

 

12. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ2 òà âèïèø³òü àíòîí³ìè äî ïîäàíèõ ñë³â:

simple; impossible; individual.

 

13. Çíàéä³òü â ÎÒ2 òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüê³ â³äïîâ³äíèêè äî ïîäàíèõ óêðà¿íñüêèõ ñë³â ³ ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü. Âèáåð³òü áóäü-ÿê³ ï’ÿòü ñë³â òà ñêëàä³òü ç íèìè âëàñí³ ðå÷åííÿ àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ, çàïèø³òü ¿õ.

³ä³ãðàâàòè âàæëèâó ðîëü ó çàáåçïå÷åíí³ äîòðèìàííÿ çàêîíó; ñë³ä÷³ ïîâíîâàæåííÿ; ïðàâà òà îáîâ’ÿçêè; çàïîá³ãàòè çëî÷èíó; çàõèùàòè âëàñí³ñòü; ðîçêðèâàòè çëî÷èí; â³ääàâàòè çëî÷èíöÿ äî ðóê ïðàâîñóääÿ; íåñòè â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü çã³äíî ç çàêîíîì; áóòè âèííèì ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó; çáåð³ãàòè ìèð; ïî-ðóøåííÿ ñëóæáîâîãî îáîâ’ÿçêó; çàéìàòè (îá³éìàòè) ïîñàäó; âèêîíóâàòè îáîâ’ÿçêè; øêîäà, çàïîä³ÿíà çëî÷èíîì; ïîðóøåí-íÿ ãðîìàäñüêîãî ïîðÿäêó; îáøóê; âèëó÷åííÿ; íàêëàäàòè àðåøò; âèÿâëÿòè ïðîáëåìè; ìàòè ïðàâî; áóòè óïîâíîâàæåíèì.

 

14. Âñòàâòå ïðîïóùåí³ ïðèéìåííèêè. Ó ðàç³ íåîáõ³ä-íîñò³ çâåðòàéòåñÿ äî ÎÒ2.

To be liable … law … failure to preserve the peace; to be guilty … misconduct … a public office; powers given … legislation; to carry … duties … criminal law enforcement; decisions … daily activities; use … force; guards … the public order; to be charged … a complex task; to be responsible … traffic control; to settle disputes … neighbours; to protect victims … crimes; to place the duties … the police; to resolve conflicts … individuals; to prevent a breach … the peace; to take an offender … a Magistrates’ Court; to be bound … ; to be … good behaviour.

 

15. Ïîñòàâòå ñëîâà òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ, ïîäàí³ íèæ÷å, ó òîìó ïîðÿäêó, â ÿêîìó â³äáóâàþòüñÿ ïîçíà÷óâàí³ íèìè 䳿. Äåÿê³ ç íèõ ìîæóòü â³äáóâàòèñÿ îäíî÷àñíî.

To prevent crime; to take an individual before a Magistrates’ Court; to investigate crime; to detect crime; to apprehend; to identify problems; to detain; to take into custody; to be bound over to be of good behaviour and to keep the peace; to stop and search; to obstruct the police; to obtain information; use of force; to seize stolen or prohibited articles.

 

16. Ñêëàä³òü òà çàïèø³òü ñòèñëó ðîçïîâ³äü ïðî ðîáîòó ïîë³ö³¿, âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è ñëîâà òà ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ, ïîäàí³ ó âïðàâ³ 15. Çâåðí³òü óâàãó íà âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÷àñîâèõ ôîðì òà êàòåãî𳿠ñòàíó àíãë³éñüêîãî 䳺ñëîâà.

 

Çàâäàííÿ äëÿ äîäàòêîâîãî ÷èòàííÿ

 

17. Ïîäèâ³òüñÿ íà çàãîëîâîê ÄÒ3. ßê âè äóìàºòå, ïðî ùî éäåòüñÿ â òåêñò³? Ïåðåãëÿíüòå òåêñò òà ñôîðìóëþéòå îñíîâíó äóìêó.

 

18. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ÄÒ3 óâàæíî, íàìàãàþ÷èñü çðîçóì³òè âñ³ äåòàë³, ïðèäóìàéòå òà çàïèø³òü àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ ø³ñòü òâåðäæåíü, ÿê³ á ñóïåðå÷èëè ³íôîðìàö³¿, ùî ì³ñòèòüñÿ â òåêñò³. Çàïðîïîíóéòå ñâî¿ì îäíîãðóïíèêàì ñïðîñòóâàòè âàø³ òâåðäæåííÿ òà, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ÄÒ3, äîâåñòè, ùî âîíè íåâ³ðí³.

 

19. Âèçíà÷òå îñíîâí³ ³äå¿ ÄÒ3, ñêëàä³òü ïëàí òåêñòó ó âèãëÿä³ çàïèòàíü òà çàïèø³òü íîòàòêè äî êîæíîãî ïóíêòó ïëàíó. Íàïèø³òü ñòèñëó àíîòàö³þ äî òåêñòó, ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà ñêëàäåíèé ïëàí.

 

Äîäàòêîâèé òåêñò (ÄÒ3)

 

CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS

 

In England and Wales the vast majority of prosecutions are undertaken by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), but a number of other agencies also have responsibility for undertaking criminal prosecutions. These include the agencies responsible for enforcing laws regulating many aspects of business, trade and commerce. Taxation matters are the responsibility of the Customs and Excise and Inland Revenue departments, many government departments are responsible for investigating frauds and other offences involving business, trade and financial services. These include the Serious Fraud Office and the Department of Trade and Industry. Local authority departments are responsible for consumer protection, environmental health and pollution. Private individuals may also prosecute but this only accounts for a very small number of prosecutions.

Before the creation of the CPS in the 1980s, the police and the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) were responsible for prosecution of offenders. The task of the DPP was to institute, undertake or carry on criminal proceedings, and to give advice and assistance to chief officer of the police and other persons responsible for the prosecution of offences. The DPP was responsible for prosecuting cases of murder, along with those involving national security, public figures and police officers.

The police were responsible for the prosecution of routine offences in Magistrates’ Courts. They were advised by solicitors, who were either employed or consulted by them, and who conducted more complex cases in the magistrates’ courts. Barristers on behalf of the police conducted cases in Crown Courts.

The police were therefore both investigators and prosecutors. The roles of investigating crime, collecting evidence and arresting suspects were likely to interfere with the impartial review of a case and decisions about whether to prosecute or not. The dual responsibility could also lead to the abuse of the rights of the arrested person by the police, as a result of an anxiety to convict those whom the police believed were guilty. Except that there was no uniform system of prosecution.

The Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 established the CPS and specified its functions which included taking over the conduct of all criminal proceedings instituted by the police. They are the following:

·    to give pre-charge advice to the police and other law-enforcement agencies on the admissibility of evidence;

·    to review all cases in terms of whether there is sufficient evidence for a case to proceed and whether it is in the public interest;

·    to oversee the progress of the case after the papers have been passed from the police;

·      to conduct the prosecution of cases in the magistrates’ courts;

·    to instruct counsel to appear in the Crown Court on the behalf of the CPS.

The CPS therefore represents a single independent and nationwide authority for England and Wales. It is independent of the police and has the power to discontinue prosecutions, but it has no powers to institute proceedings or to direct the police to carry out further investigations.

Once an accused person has been charged or summoned the papers are passed to the appropriate branch of the CPS and the CPS is under the duty to review and to conduct the case. This includes deciding which charges should be proceeded with, what evidence is relevant and admissible and whether or not it is sufficient. It also includes assessing whether or not it is in the public interest to continue with the prosecution and, if so, ensuring that the case is prepared and ready for trial. In a trial the CPS or counsels instructed by it represent the prosecution.

 

ϳñëÿòåêñòîâ³ çàâäàííÿ

 

20. Çì³í³òü ñòàí 䳺ñëîâà-ïðèñóäêà â íàâåäåíèõ ðå÷åííÿõ çà çðàçêîì.

Çðàçîê. The police must prevent crimes. – Crimes must be prevented by the police.

1. Every police officer holds the office of constable. 2. The police performs the bulk of investigatory and law enforcement work. 3. The court found him guilty of murder. 4. The police seized and arrested the criminal. 5. The police make the most important and difficult decisions. 6. Neglect of health and safety regulations caused many injuries and deaths.

 

21. Âèïèø³òü ³ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â 7 ðå÷åíü ³ç 䳺ñëîâîì-ïðèñóäêîì ó ïàñèâíîìó ñòàí³. Òðàíñôîðìóéòå ðå-÷åííÿ, ÿêùî öå ìîæëèâî, çì³íèâøè ïàñèâíèé ñòàí íà àêòèâ-íèé.

22. Çàïèø³òü ïîäàí³ ðå÷åííÿ, âèçíà÷òå ÷àñòèíè ñêëàäíèõ ðå÷åíü òà ï³äêðåñë³òü ï³äìåò ³ ïðèñóäîê. Âèçíà÷òå, ÿêîþ áåçîñîáîâîþ ôîðìîþ 䳺ñëîâà º ï³äêðåñëåí³ ñëîâà òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.

 

1. This includes deciding which charges should be proceeded with, what evidence is relevant and admissible and whether or not it is sufficient.2.The CPS is under the duty to review and to conduct the case. 3. This means that in order to consider a person culpable, it must be established that an offender has not only committed an offence but is responsible for it. 4. There is no simple way of defining what behaviour is criminal, and this may vary between different countries and over time. 5. Thus the criminal law specifies who can enforce the law and what procedures are necessary to investigate and prosecute crime, adjudicate on guilt and decide on an appropriate sentence.

 

23. Âèïèø³òü ³ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â ²²² òà IV ñåìåñòð³â 5 ðå÷åíü ç ïðèñóäêîì, âèðàæåíèì ìîäàëüíèì 䳺ñëîâîì ç ³íô³í³òèâîì. Âèçíà÷òå ôîðìó ³íô³í³òèâà òà ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.

 

24. Âèïèø³òü ³ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â ïî 5 ðå÷åíü ç áåçîñîáîâèìè ôîðìàìè 䳺ñëîâà Participle I ³ Participle II. ϳäêðåñë³òü 䳺ïðèêìåòíèêè òà âèçíà÷òå ¿õ âèä (Participle I àáî Participle II). Ïåðåêëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.

 

25. Âèïèø³òü ³ç íàâ÷àëüíèõ òåêñò³â 10 ðå÷åíü ç ãåðóí䳺ì, ï³äêðåñë³òü öþ áåçîñîáîâó ôîðìó 䳺ñëîâà. Ïåðåê-ëàä³òü ðå÷åííÿ.

 

 



[*] English for Law Students: ϳäðó÷. ç àíãë. ìîâè äëÿ ñòóä.
IIII êóðñ³â þðèä. ñïåö. âèù. íàâ÷. çàêë. / Ãîí÷àð Î.Â., Ëèñèöüêà Î.Ï., Ìîøèíñüêà Î.Þ. òà ³í. – Õ.: Ïðàâî, 2004. – 416 ñ.

 

[†] Òóò ³ äàë³ – ÎÒ1, ÄÒ1, ÄÒ2 òà òåêñòè áàçîâîãî ï³äðó÷íèêà: Legal Profession(als) (C.139), Civil Law (C.146), Criminal Law (C.156), Crime Investigation: Forensic Science and Scientific Expertise (Ñ.165).