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2006
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2006.- 47 �.
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��1 � The International Public Law�......................................6
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��1 �Human Rights�..............................................................12
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��2 �Institutions and Bodies of the EU�................................16
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��2 �The European Court of Justice�.....................................20
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��3 �Characteristics of Constitutions�...................................31
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������� ���������� ��� ��������-������ III �����
��-���� ����� �������� � ������� �� ������ ���������-����������� ���������,
������� ����� � ������� �������� (English for Law Students: ϳ����. � ����. ���� ��� ����. I � III �����
����. ����. ���. ����. ����. / ������ �.�., �������� �.�., ��������� �.�. ��
��. � �.: �����, 2004.). ����������� ���-������ ��
���������� ������� ���������� ������� ��������� �������� � ���������
��������� ����� ��� ��������� ����� ���������� �������.
�������
������� ��������, ������������ ������� �� �� ������������ ������������
������� ���������� �� �������-����� ���� ���������� ������� ���� ����� �
���������� ����-��� �� ���� ��������� ������ � ����������� ���������� ��
�����.
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�� ���������� ������� ����� � �������� ���������� ������:
�
������������ �������� ����������� ���������, ��-��� ���� � �������� ��������� �
����������� ���������;
�
����������� ��������� ���������� �����, ���� � ������� ���
��������� �����- �� ������������� �����;
�
����������� ��������, ���������� ��� �������� ����-��� ����� ���� �������;
� �����
��� ����������� ������� �� �������� �� �����, ���������� �� �������������
������� ��������� ��������� ��-�������� � �������� ����������� ������;
�
���������� ������ ��� ���������� �������� �������-���� �����������;
� ��������� ���������� ������, �� �� �� ���� ������-�� �����
�������� ����������� �������� (����������, �����-�������) �� ���� ���������
��������� ��������� �������, ��-������� �� ������.
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�� ����������� ����� � V �������
�����-������ ���������� ������, � VI � �����. �� �����
������� ����-��� ���������������� ����� �������� ������ ������ ��������
������, ����� �� �������.
V� � � � � � � �
1. �������� ������������ ������� ��� �� ����������-�� ������ ��
�������������. ���������� ��.
To
recognize, to incorporate, integrity, to contribute, �inviolability, willingness, compliance, requirement,
to exhaust, �to refer, external, within,
hierarchy, ancient, to exchange, philosopher, frontier.
2. ��������
���������� ����� ���� ���, ��, �� ��� ������, ������������� ���������� ����
�International Public Law�:
�)
�������� ���� �������� ����������;
�)
������ ����������� ����� �International Public Law� (��� � ��1) �� �.6
�� ��������� ������ ����� �������� �����. ��������, �� ������� ��������, �
����� ���� ���������� � �����, ��������� ���� ���������� �����������.
3. ǒ������, �� ����
��� �������� ������� ����� ��� (� ��� ����������� ����������� �� ��������).
������� � ��1 �����, �������� �� ��� ����� �������, �� � ������ �����
�����, �������� �� ���������� �� ���������� �����, ���������� �� ��������
������������ ��������. �������� ���� �� ��������� ��������.
Legality, difference, existence, expression,
punishment, to protect, voluntary, accordance, to civilize, distinct,
insistence, to develop.
4. ��������� ������� � ��������� ��, ��������������
����� �� �������� 3 (� ��� ������� ����������� �� ��������). ������� ������� � ������� ������ ��������������� �����.
��� ������� |
IJ������ |
���������� |
����˲���� |
������: legislation, legislator |
�to legislate |
�legislative, |
�legislatively |
5. ���������� �����
��, ���������� �� ��������������-�� ������, ��������� ��������� ���� ��������,
�������� ���-��� ������� ���������. ������� ������ ����� � ��1 ��
�����-��� ���� �������������� ��������.
Normative,
control, dispute, declaration, basis, final, formal, jurisdiction, intervene,
charter, resolution, problem, global, role, conflict, result, subordinate,
historical, nature, principle, institution, sovereign, functioning, list,
document, territorial, conference.
6. ������� � ��1
����� nation �� state. �������� ����-��� ����� ��������������� �������.
7. ������� �����,
������ �� ���������, �� �������� ���� ��������.
8. ������� ����� ������� ��� �, �� ����� ��������-�� ��������, ��������
���������� ����.
To
cease, victory, external, dependent, obligatory, to violate, late, to observe,
modern, to abolish, new, theory, voluntary, independent, internal, ancient, to
create, early, to begin, practice, old, defeat.
9.
������� � ��1
���������� �����. ��������, ��� � ��-����� ������� � �) �� �), ������ ��
����������������.
1) to
govern�������� �) ����������������������� �) ��������
2) statute������������ �) ��������������������������� �) ������
3) application������ �) ��������������������������������������� �) ������������
4) part���������������� �) ���������������������������� �) �������
5) security���������� �) ������ �������������������������� �) �������
6) to settle���������� �) �������������������� �)
��������
7) to contribute��� �) ������ �������������� �) �������
8) duty��������������� �) ������������������������� �) ����������
10. ������ ����������� ��1
�� �������, ���� �� ���-������ �� �� �������. ����� ����� ������. ��������,
� ��� � ��� �������� ���������� ���:
1) the definition of the International Public Law;
2) Final Act on Security and Cooperation in
3) the basic task of the International Law;
4) different systems of the International Law;
5) the main principles of the International Law;
6) Hugo Grotius.
11. ���������� ��1,
��������� ����� �� ������� ��-���, �������� �� ����� ������� ������ �������
�����, �����-���������� �� ����� � �������� ���� �������� ����������.
��1
THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW
1� International public law is the body of rules that nations recognize as
binding upon one another in their mutual relations. Like precepts of
international morality, the rules of international law are of a normative
character; i.e., they prescribe standards of social conduct. They are
designed for authoritative interpretation by an �independent
judicial authority and they must be capable of enforcement by the application
of external sanctions. Universality is not required for a norm to be
incorporated into the body of international law.
International law means public
international law, as distinct from private international law or the
conflict of laws, which deals with the differences between the municipal
laws of different nations. No single nation can create or modify
international law. No statute of one nation or treaty between two
nations can create global obligations. International law is not created,
developed, or abolished by the demand of one country or a small group of
countries. It exists as a result of the common consent and general
acceptance of many nations.
Since the dawn of history, different
systems of international law have come into existence in many parts of
the world. For example, the Greek city-states and their philosophers believed
that there was a legal hierarchy of local and higher laws. Local laws governed
the conduct of individuals within each city-state. These laws of the
city-state, however, were subordinate to what the ancient Greeks
perceived as a branch of law now called international law.
While there were other intermediate
influences on the development of international law, its modern roots can be
traced to the seventeenth-century Dutch philosopher Hugo Grotius. He is often referred
to as the "father of international law". Grotius's fundamental
contribution to the theory of international law was his insistence upon a
voluntary law of nations based on their consent. That willingness to
observe certain norms was expressly stated in treaties or resulted from state
customary practices in international matters.
In the process of the transformation
of international law into a world law, international law exchanged its
Christian foundation for that of a law among states that were civilized in a
highly formal sense. Civilization was understood as compliance with the minimum
requirements of the rule of law. Before the World War II international law had
become a law among sovereign states. Sovereignty is the dual right of a
nation to govern the affairs of its inhabitants and to be free from external
control. Each nation possesses sovereign power within its own territory, so
there is no independent enforcement entity that can directly punish
violations of international law.
2�� Unlike all the earlier historical types of international law
modern international law is not imposed by force and dictated by the
strongest states. Its norms continue to be created through agreements.
Accordingly, they cannot be imposed on a state without its consent. There
have been fundamental changes in the general nature of international law. Such
principles and institutions of old international law as the right of a state
to wage war, the rights of victors, the institutions of conquest and
war indemnities have ceased to exist.
Above all the basic principles of
modern international law are embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.
The United Nations elaborated the contents of some of these basic principles.
That work was followed by the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly
in 1970 of a Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly
Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations. That Declaration contains seven principles, namely:
� the principle that states shall
refrain in their international relations from the threat or use
of force;
� the principle that states shall settle
their international disputes by peaceful means;
� the duty not to intervene in
matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state;
� the duty of states to
cooperate with one another in accordance with the Charter;
� the principle of equal rights
and self-determination of peoples;
� the principle of sovereign
equality of states;
� the principle that states shall fulfill
in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the
Charter.
The Final Act of the Conference on Security
and Cooperation in Europe that was held in
The growing role of international
relations in the development of societies and the appearance of new, vitally
important global problems increases the number of basic principles of international
law. One of such principles is the protection of the environment.
The
basic task of international law is to contribute to a normal functioning
of the international system and to ensure peace and resolution of
international problems through legal means, on the basis of agreements
among sovereign and equal states.
ϳ����������
��������
12. ���������� ��������
������� �� ��������, �� ����-������ ���� ����� ��1. �������� ��
����������� ����������, ������������ ���� ����� ����������� � ��1.
1. The Charter of the United Nations contains seven basic
principles of modern international law.
2. No single nation can create or modify international
law.
3. All participants in peacekeeping operations should
receive human rights training.
4. Hugo Grotius is often referred to as �the father of
international law�.
5. There is no international constitution or legislature.
6. States shall refrain in their international relations
from the threat or use of force.
7. States have to cooperate with one another in
accordance with the UN Charter.
13. ������� � ��1 � �������� �������� ����������
�� ������� ���, �������������� �� ����. ������� ����-�� ���� ��� ���
��������������, ������� � ���� ������� ���������� ����� � �������� ��.
��������������
��������� ��������� ������ ������; ������������ ��������; ����������� �����
�������� ��������; ��������� �������; ���� ������ �� ����������� ��������;
��������� ������ �����; ������� 䳿; ����� ����������; ������ �� ���� ������;
������� ������; ��������� �����������; ������� �������; ������ ������;
������ ���������; �������� ����������; ��������� ���������; ���������� ��
��������� ����; ������ ������������� ����������.
14. �������� �� ��1 ���������������
� �������� ������� �� ���������� ��:
international, fundamental, basic, equal, legal,
general, sovereign.
15. ������� ���� �����
� ������ ��� ����, �������� ��� ����:
a) law, lawful, unlawful, lawless, lawyer, lawfully, unlawfully,
legislative;
b) to increase, to exist, modern, to refrain, to contain,
to transform;
c) cooperation, faith, distinct, insistence, requirement,
matter.
16.
������� �������, �ᒺ������ ������� ������� (1�5) �� ����������
(���).
1.
There is no single international
document �
2.
The modern roots of international
law can be traced �
3.
Local laws governed �
4.
The norms of modern international
law �
5.
Sovereignty is the dual �
�.
...to the seventeenth-century
philosopher Hugo Grotius.
�. ...right of a
nation to govern the affairs of its inhabitants and to be free from external
control.
�. ...continue to be created through agreements.
�. ...the conduct of individuals within each city-state.
�. ...that lists all principles of modern international law.
17. �������� ������
�� ���������:
What is international public law?
Are the rules of international law of a normative character?
Can one nation create or modify international law?
Where have different systems of international law come
into existence?
Who was referred to as the �father of international
law�?
What does the term sovereignty mean?
Does each nation possess sovereign power within its
own territory?
What are the main differences between old and modern international
law?
What document are the basic principles of modern international
law embodied in?
What are the main principles of modern international
law?
What principles of international law were additionally
adopted in 1975?
What is the basic task of international law?
��������
�� ����������� �������
18. ������ ���������� ����� �Human Rights� (��� � ��1) �� �.12 �� ��������, � ����� ������
�������� ���������� ���:
�)
���������� ����� ��� �����;
�)
�������� ����������� � ���� ������;
�)
���������� ���� ������ � ����������� ����;
�)
����������� ��������� ��� ����� ������.
19. ������� � ��1 ������
����� �� ��������������� � ��������, �� ���� ��� �� ���� ���� ���������� � �����. ��������� ���������� ����� ��������, �
����� �� �����.
to vest responsibility; humanitarian intervention;
human dignity; milestone; multilateral treaty; protection of minorities; to constitute a juridical notion; to deal with the
protection of the individuals; state responsibility for injuries to aliens; to
prevent violations of human rights; the Security Council; the Trusteeship
Council; the Economic and Social Council; to inaugurate a human rights program;
to adopt on a global scale; Declaration of Independence; the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; to hold international peace;
mankind�s struggle for freedom; customary international law; periodic
compliance reports; internal affairs; executive body; the strengthening of
technical assistance; judicial body; enforcement machinery.
20. �������� �������,
���������� �� ��1:
Modern international human rights law is �
International human rights law has its historical �
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was �
The Trusteeship Council is �
In 1966 the UN General Assembly drafted �
In
A human right is something that �
21. ���������� ������ ��1, ����������� �������� ��������
���� ����. ������� ���� ������ �� �������� ������� �� ������� ������.
�������� �������� ���������� �����, ���������� �� ��� ���� �� ����������
���� ������� �������.
��1
HUMAN RIGHTS
1 ��A
human right is something that pertains to all men at all times. Fundamental
laws of human rights are: 1) human rights constitute a juridical notion; 2) in
the legal system human rights are covered by two branches of law �
international and constitutional; 3) human rights cannot be withheld by a
state. All states profess that they must observe the human rights of their
citizens.
2�� International
law of human rights is defined as the law, which deals with the protection of
the individuals and groups against violations by governments of their
internationally guaranteed rights, and with the promotion of these rights.
Modern international human rights law is a post-World War II phenomenon. Its
development can be attributed to the monstrous violations of human rights of
the Hitler era. Some of these violations might have been prevented if the protection
of human rights existed and worked more effective.
3� International
human rights law has its historical antecedents in a number of international
legal doctrines and institutions. The most important of them are humanitarian
intervention, state responsibility for injuries to aliens, protection of
minorities, the League of Nation�s Mandates and Minorities systems, and
international humanitarian law.
4�� The
Charter of the United Nations vests responsibility for the guarantee of human rights
in the General Assembly and, under the General Assembly�s authority, in the
Economic and Social Council. The Trusteeship Council is concerned with human
rights in trust territories, and the Security Council can take jurisdiction
over human rights questions when it holds that international peace and security
are endangered.
5�� The UN inaugurated a
human rights program, often referred to as the International Bill of Rights. Its first part, known as the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, was proclaimed by the General Assembly in 1948. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the first comprehensive
human rights document to be adopted on a global scale. The Declaration ranks with the Magna Carta, the French
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the American Declaration of Independence
as a milestone in mankind�s struggle for freedom and human dignity. It contains
two categories of rights. The first is civil and political rights. The second
is economic, social and cultural rights. Like
the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration does not require a state to
immediately provide these rights to populace. Universal acceptance of this resolution made it binding as
a matter of customary international law.
6�� In
1966, the UN General Assembly drafted two more human rights documents: the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Being another components of
the International Bill of Rights, they were drafted from earlier human rights
documents in the form of a multilateral treaty. The
UN�s eighteen-nation Human Rights Committee examines the periodic compliance
reports submitted by the treaty parties.
7�� There
are several regional human rights programs. Most restate the same rights
contained in the UN-based human rights documents. In
8�� The World Conference
on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized the strengthening of the
United Nations technical assistance and monitoring activities. With the adoption of the Vienna Declaration and
Programme of Action by the United General Assembly that year, a policy for
sweeping innovation in the area of human rights was written. Since then, the
advocacy and protection of human rights have become of virtually all United
Nations activities.
9�� Securing
human rights remains and will continue to remain primarily an internal affair
of states. The rights guaranteed in all written documents
are enforced on the national and international level. So, the norms and principles of the international
protection of human rights are undergoing further development.
ϳ����������
��������
22. �������� �� ��1
���� ������ �� 䳺������-������-��� � ��������� �����. ������������� �������,
��������, �� �� �������, �������� ���� �� ��������.
23. �������� �� ��1
�������, ������� ��������, ����-��� � ��� ��������� ����� 䳺�����,
��������� ��. �����-����� �������.
������������ ������
�� ��������
24.
��������, �� ��� ����� ��� ��������.
1.
������� ��������� ������� �� ���������:
Which
organ is charged with ensuring that the law of the European Union is upheld?
�) The European Court of Human Rights
�) The European Court of Justice
�) The European Court of Auditors
How
many Members are there in the European Parliament?
�)�� 626 ������ �) 25����� �) 651
Which organ plays the main role in legislative
process?
�) The European Parliament
�) The European Commission
�) The European Council
2. ����������� �������� ����� (��� � ��2) �� �.16 � ��-������ ��� ������. �������� �, ��
��������� �������������.
25. �������� � �������
��� �, �������� ���� ��� ����, �� ���������� ��. ������ �������� ���
�����, ������� � �������� �� �������� ���� �������� ����������.
Nominee; union; institution; opinion; body;
Parliament; Council; court; justice; auditor; bank; investment; to elect; Ombudsman; co-decision; to ensure; accountability; citizen; to exercise; to legislate; supervision; to monitor; a motion; procedure;
censure; power; government; legislation; budget; to comprise; presidency; to
submit; to enforce; post; to share; to uphold; to implement.
26.
������� � ��2 ������ �����, �������� � ��������, �� ���
������� ���� ���� �������� �� ���������� ��.
Key;
monitors; plays; progress; work; judges; present; heads; state.
27.
�������� �������� ������� ��� (� ��� ������� ����-������ ��
��������), ������� � ��2 ������������� �����. �������� �� �� ��������
��������, � ����� �� �����. �� ���� �������� �������
��� �� ���, ��������� ���� � ������ .
To
preside; consistent; accountable; representative; international; to decide;
political; to enforce; to direct; competitive; to institute; to invest; to
supervise; to resign; president.
28.
���������, ���������� �� ���������������� ������, ����������� ���
�������� ������� ���. �������� ������ �������� ���������� �� ������� ��
����� � ��2, ���������� ���� �������������� ��������.
Information;
region; economic; to interpret; problem; democratic; procedure; financial;
budget; auditor; implementation; nominee; proposal; programme; to interview;
strategy; process; configuration.
29. ������� � ��2
����� institution �� body, ��������, ��� ����������� �������������� �������� ��� ���.
30. ������� � ��2
���������� ����� �� ��������, ��� � ������� ������� � �) �� �), ������ ��
��������������� ������� ��� ��� � �����.
1) to monitor � a) ������������������������ �)
��������������������
2) to exercise �
a) ������������������� �) ����������
3) directly���� � a)
������������������� �) �����
4) terms������� � a) ����� ������������������ �) ������,
������
5) to meet���� � a) �������������������� �) ���������
6) action������ � a) ������������������������� �) ��
7) institution� � a) ����������������������� �) �������� (����.)
31. �������� �� ��2
��������������� �� ����� ���, �� ������ ���� ������� ����� European, ����� ���� �������� ����-������.
32. ���������� ��2;
�� �������� �� ���������, ����-����� �������� ���� ��������� ���� �� �������
�� ��������� ��������� �, �� ���������� ����������, ������� � �����.
Members
of the European Parliament are directly elected to the European Parliament by
the citizens of the EU for a five-year term.
The
main task of the European Court of Justice is to hear actions brought by
private citizens.
The
Commission President is appointed by the most powerful Member State.
The European
Parliament exercises democratic supervision over the other EU institution.
The
Court of Auditors has the role of ensuring that the budget of the EU is spent
properly.
Advocates-General
represent interests of citizens in the European Court of Justice.
33.
�������� � ��2 ������� ������ ������� ����� �� ���������������
� �������� ���� �������� ����������.
��2
INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES OF THE EU
The European Union is made up of a number of
different institutions and bodies. Each of them plays a particular role in
the process of the EU functioning. The institutions of the EU are: the European
Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission,
the European Court of Justice, the European Court of Auditors (ECA). The bodies of the EU are: the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee
of the Regions, the European Central Bank (ECB), the European Investment
Bank, the European Ombudsman. Below there is more detailed information about
the main EU institutions.
The European Parliament. Since 1979 the 626 Members of
the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected to the European
Parliament by the citizens of the EU for a five-year term. This ensures the
democratic accountability of the Parliament. The Parliament has three key functions.
It legislates, usually using the co-decision procedure with the
Council. It exercises democratic supervision over the other EU
institutions. In fact, the Parliament has the power to pass a motion of
censure calling for the resignation of the European Commission.
Finally, the Parliament decides the EU annual budget jointly with the
Council. It also monitors how the Commission has handled
the annual budget every year. The Parliament meets in Plenary and Committee
format to progress its work.
The European Council. The European Council comprises
the Heads of State or Government of each
The Council is a key part of the decision making
process of the EU. It comprises Ministers representing each of the Member
States. The Council has the main role in agreeing legislation, although in
recent years this has been shared more and more with the Parliament under the
co-decision procedure. The Council meets in different configurations,
depending on the matters under discussion. The nine Council
configurations are: General Affairs and External Relations, Economic
and Financial Affairs ("ECOFIN"), Justice and Home Affairs,
Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs, Competitiveness
(Internal Market, Industry and Research), Transport, Telecommunications and Energy,
Agriculture and Fisheries, Environment, Education, Youth
and Culture. The Ministers in Council are accountable to their own
national parliaments for the decisions made in the Council.
The Commission
currently consists of 20 members.
The European
Court of Justice. The European Court of Justice is charged with ensuring that
the law of the EU is upheld, interpreted and applied consistently in all
Member States. The
34.
������� � ��2 �������� �� ������� ���, �������� ��, ���������
���������� ����.
To
create; issue; to consist of; various; certain; to include; to evolve; ahead;
usually; the main; to divide; entire; to be entitled.
35. ������� � ��2 �� �������� �������� �� ������� ���:
indirectly; separately; elected; dependent; foreign;
improperly; appointment.
36. ������� � ��2 � �������� �������� ���������� �� �������
���������� ��� �� ��������������. ������� ����-�� ���� ��� �� ������� �
���� ������ ������� ���������� �����, �������� ��.
�������� ���������� ��� ��������� ������ �������; ������; ���������
������������� ����������� ��; ���� ������������; ������ ��������� �����;
�������� ������ �� �����������; ��������� �����; �������� ����������.
37. ������� ��������� �����������. � ��� �������-���� ����������� �� ��2.
To be made up � a number of different institutions; �Members � the European Parliament; to be
elected � the citizens of the EU � a five years term; to agree a nominee � a
post � �Commission President; to submit
proposals � new legislation; �to consist
�; to be charged � powers; to be accountable � national Parliament.
38. �� ����� ������ ��� �������� ����� �� ���������� � ����� ������
����� �� ���������������? ��������� �� �� ����� � ����� �������� �����
������.
Meets in different configurations; directly elected by the �citizens of the European Union; decides the
strategic political �direction; enforces
the European Law; exercises democratic �supervision
over EU institutions; implements the decisions of the Council; has power to
pass a motion of censure; Justice and Home Affairs; a key part of the decision
making process; decides the EU annual budget jointly with the Council; meets in
Plenary and �Committee format; the President
of the Commission; to agree a nominee to the post of Commission President;
39. ���������� ������ ��2 �� �������� ������ �� ���������.
Is
the European Parliament the only legislative body of the
EU?
What
does the term �co-decision procedure� mean?
Who appoints the Head of the European Commission?
How is the European Commission formed?
How are Members of the European Parliament elected?
What are the main functions of the Parliament?
What is the composition of the European Council?
What is the European Commission responsible for?
What does the Court of First Instance do?
�������� ��
����������� �������
40. ����������
����� �The European Court of Justice� (��� � ��2) �� �. 20 ��
������, ���� ����� �������� �� �� �������. ����� ����� ������.
41. ���������� ������ ��2 � �������
����������:
�) ���
����� ������������� ����;
�) ���
��, ��� ����� ����� ������������� ����;
�) ���
������������ ������������� ����.
42. ��������
���������� ����� �������� ��2.
1�� The Court comprises thirteen judges, and is assisted by six
Advocates-General whose duties are to present publicly, with complete
impartiality and independence, reasoned conclusions on cases submitted to the
court with a view to assisting the latter in the performance of its duties.
Judges and
Advocates-General are chosen �from amongst persons of indisputable independence
who fulfill the conditions required for the holding of the highest judicial
office in their respective countries or who are jurists of recognised
competence�. They are appointed for a term of six years by the governments of
member states acting in common agreement. They retire in rota and are eligible
for re-appointment; the President of the Court is appointed, for a term of
three years, by the judges from among their number. The Court appoints its own
registrar and lays down rules governing his service.
The
Court has the power to adopt its own rules of procedure, which must be
submitted to the Council for unanimous approval. The Court as a rule sits in plenary sessions, but it may set up
chambers, comprised of three or five judges, to deal with certain categories of
cases. It must always sit in plenary session to hear cases submitted to it
by a member state or by one of the institutions of the Community, and in such
circumstances where it is requested to do so.
In addition to the Court of Justice itself, a Court of
First Instance was created in 1988. It comprises 12 members, who sit in
chambers of three or five judges, though having the power in some circumstances
to sit in plenary session. It exercises the jurisdiction of the Court of
Justice in relation to (a) disputes between the Communities and their servants;
and (b) actions brought by natural or other legal persons against the
Community. It doesn�t have jurisdiction to deal with references. There is a
right of appeal to the Court of Justice on a point of law. This Court is of
great importance and its rulings can be of far-reaching effect. The purpose in
the creation of the Court was to lessen the workload of the Court of Justice
itself, thus facilitating more speedy resolution of cases.
2�� The main jurisdiction
is as follows:
�
Judicial review of the
actions of the Community institutions. The Court can review the legality of
acts of the Council and the Commission, other than Recommendations or Opinions.
Similar powers are granted in respect of failures to act. Such actions may be
brought by a member state, the Council or the Commission, on the ground of lack
of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, and
infringement of a provision of the Treaty or of any rule of Community law. The capacity of an individual to bring such
an action is limited: only those to whom a decision has been addressed, or to
whom a decision addressed to another person is of direct or individual concern,
may do so, and these terms have been restrictively interpreted;
�
Actions brought by the
Commission. If the Commission considers
that a member state has failed to fulfil an obligation under the Treaty it may
bring the matter before the Court of Justice. This basis of challenge is
the largest source of the work of the Court;
�
Action brought by member
states;
�
The Court has power to deal
with certain cases concerning disputes to which ordinary individuals (as
opposed to member states or Community institution) may be parties. Thus it has jurisdiction in disputes
relating to compensation for damage caused by the institutions of the
Communities or by their servants in the performance of their duties and in
disputes between the Community and their servants within the limits and under
the conditions laid down in the staff regulations or the conditions of
employment. This jurisdiction is exercised by the Court of First Instance;
�
References under Article
177. Article 177 creates a power, and in some circumstances imposes a duty, to
refer questions concerning the interpretation of European law to the Court of
Justice. It plays a key role in ensuring the preservation of the Community character
of the law established by the Treaty, and has the object of ensuring that in
all circumstances this law is the same in all states of the Community.
ϳ����������
��������
43. ��������
�� ��2 �������, ������� ��������,
������ ������������ ����� �� ���������� �� ��������.
44. ��������
�� ��2 ����� ������ � ������������ ������� 䳺�����,
��������� �� �� ���������� �������.
���������������
VI� � � � � � � �
45.
�������� ������������ ������� ��� �� �����-������� ������ �� ���������
������������. ���������� ��.
Various, entity, to vary, to
multiply, to range, purpose, vastly, superior, con�eivable, judicial, pattern, governance,
authority, whole, justiciable, foreign, affairs, provision, to embrace,
medieval, to prescribe, science, particular.
46.
������ ��������� �� ������ ����� ��, ���������� �� ����������������
������, ��������� ��������� ���� ��������;�
�������� ������ ������� ��������� ��� ���:
a) idea,
proposal, doctrine, sense, term, interpretation,
�statute,
tolerance, alternative, constitutionalism, myriad, democracy, function,
concept, condition, process, civilization, philosopher, jurist, president,
subject, criterion, anarchy, jurisprudence, antiquity, analysis,
effectiveness, distribution, dictator;
b) complex, natural, modern, sovereign, political, universal,
formal, private, popular;
c) to control, to regulate, to test.
�) ������� �� ����� � ��������� ����� �Constitutional Law� (��� � ��3) �� �.27 �� ��������
���� �������������� ���-�����;
�)
�������� ������������ ������� ���, �������� ����� �� �������� � �� ����� �
��������� �� ��������� �����.
47.
����������� ��3 ��, ���������� �� �������-��������� ������,
������� � �������� �������� ���������� �� �������� ���:
��������,
�������������, ������������, �������, ������-�������, ��������, �������������,
�������������, ����������, ���������������, �������, ������������, ����,
��������, �������, ������������, ���������, ���������, ��������������,
���������.
48. ��������,
�� ��� ������� ���� �������� �������� �����, �������� �� � �������� �������
������� �� ����������. � ��� ����������� ����������� �� ��������.
Document, to constitute,
administration, to govern, effective, to rule, to
operate, to state, recognition, definite, to conceive, �difference, applicable,
expansion, derivative, to think, to contribute, to distribute, to establish,
valid, to conform, violate, provide,
������� |
ij������ |
���������� |
|
|
|
�)
�������� �� ���, ������� ����,
������������� ����� �� ��3. ��������, �� ���� ������ ���� ����
��������, ����-���� �� � �������� ������� ������� �� ����������, ������-����
�� �������� ��������������� ���.
49. �������� ����� ��
�������� ����� government, �� �� � ��������� ��� ��� ����������:
�
�������� �����
executive
government � ��������� �����
judicial
government � ������ �����
legislative
government � ����������� �����
�
�������� ���������, ���������, ����������
a system
of government � ������� ���������� ���������
to carry
out the government of the state � ���������� ���-������� (��������) ��������
� ����� ���������� ��������, ��������� �����, ��������� ���
democratic
/ republican / federal / parliamentary / constitutional government �
������������ / �������������� / ����������� / ������������� /
������������� ����� ��������
� ����
Liberal
/ Labour / Conservative Government � ���������� /
��������������
/ �������������� ����
representative / shadow / foreign government � ����������-����� /
������� / ��������� ����
to form
the government � ��������� ����
�
��������
government investigation � ������� ������������
�)
�������� ������ ����� �������� ��������������� � �����������
������������, ���������� ���� �������� ����� government, �� �������� ��:
arbitrary government���������������� ������ ��������
authoritarian government���������� ���������� ����
colonial form of government����� ���������� ����
presidential government������������ ������ ����
government of the day�������������� ������ ��������������
government offices������������������� �������� ������������
local government���������������������� ������ ����� ��������
government officials����������������� ����� ����������� �����
government(al) department������� �������� ��������
government(al) regulation��������� ������� ��������
government�s term of office������ ���������
Her Majesty�s Government������� ������������� �����
military government����������������� ��������� �����
mixed government�������������������� ����������� �����
���������� ������
organs of government��������������� ����������� ����� ��������
parliamentary government��������� ���� �� ���������
provisional government������������� �������������
��������
to dissolve the government�������� ������
���������� ���������
�)
�������� �� ��3 �� ���������� ��������������� � ������ government;
�)
������� �� �������� ���� ������, �������������� ��������������� � ������ government.
50.
��������
�� ��3 ��������������� �
�������� ������� �� ���������� ��:
law, national, constitutional, political.
51.
������� � ��� �� ����� ������� ����� � ��������-��� ��������� �
�������� ���� ��������. ���������� ��.
1) gradual�������������������� a)
inconceivable
2) conceivable�������������� b)
invalidity
3) validity�������������������� c)
inferior
4) prescribe����������������� d)
sudden
5) superior������������������� e)
proscribe
52.
������� �� ���� � �� � �����, ������ �� ���������, ��������
���������� ����.
A anarchy,
government, to function, fundamental, �social,
formal, to regulate, impact, precedence.
��� official, to control, disorder, priority, to operate, public, �authority, essential,
effect.
53. ������ ���������� ���������� ���������� ���, ��������� �������� ����
�������� �� ������� ������ �����-��� ����������. ������� �������� ����� �
��3 � �� ��������� �������� �������� ����
�������������� ��������.
to expand � to
become larger in size, number or amount
impact � the effect or
influence that an event, situation has on someone/something
to be rooted in � to
have developed from something
contribution � something
that you give or do to help something be successful
54. ������ ���������� ��3, �����������
�������� ���� ��������� ����. ��������, ���� ������� ������ �����-�����
������ ����� ���������. ���������� �� � �������� ��-����� ����� � ������ ��3.
� Meaning of constitution derives from its
interpretations.
� Definition of constitutional law.
�Universal idea of
constitutionalism.
�Brief history of constitutional
law.
�Principles of constitutional
government.
� Anarchy is
alternative to constitution.
55. ������ ���������� ��3,
��������� ����� �� ����-��� �����, �������� ��������� ������ ������� ����� ��
��������������� � �������� ���� �������� ����������.
��3
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
1� Constitutional law
determines the relationship of the citizen to the state and controls the
operation of the various branches of the state. Constitutional law consists
of doctrines and practices that govern the operation of the political
state. All states may be said to have constitutions, whether or not they
are written in documentary form. Most, though not all, national governmental
entities now have written constitutions. The idea of constitutionalism may
be described as universal, though the content and effectiveness of the concept
varies a great deal from country to country. As states have multiplied in
number, so have constitutions and with them the body of constitutional law.
2� In the broadest sense, a constitution is a
statement outlining the agreed basic principles of formal
organizations ranging from national governments to private clubs. It
establishes the structure and purposes of the organization and the rights of
its citizens or members. It also defines the powers of officers,
how they are selected, and how long they can stay in office. The
constitution is that of a higher law that is operative, a law
that takes precedence. In political philosophy, the principles of
constitutional government often have been based on a belief in a higher law � a
body of universal principles of right and justice that
is superior to detailed, everyday law. In modern democracies, a
constitution�s function is to put everyone � including the rulers � under
law.
3�� Every national state has a constitution, at
least in the sense that it operates its important institutions according to
some fundamental body of rules. In this sense of the term, the only conceivable
alternative to the constitution is the condition of anarchy. Constitutions
may be written or unwritten; they may be complex or simple; they may provide
for vastly different patterns of governance. Even if the only
rule that matters much is the supreme authority of an absolute dictator,
that may be said to be the constitution.
4� Constitutional law describes the whole body
of interpretations that apply the constitution to the myriad
institutions, functions, and problems of the state. In some countries, jurists look
to judicial decisions for much of their constitutional law. But not
all constitutional questions are justiciable, such as those relating to the
conduct of foreign affairs by the American president, and for such
matters constitutional law is developed by branches of government other than
judicial. In large sense, in all states, the meaning of the constitution
derives from the interpretations of all who are involved in processes of
government. When a legislative body adopts a statute, it may well establish
or expand thereby the meaning of a constitutional provision,
and acts of the executive often have the same impact. The citizen
also, by his behaviour, helps to establish the content of constitutional
principles. The scope of free speech often depends as much
upon the limits of public tolerance as upon how judges define it in law
cases. Constitutional law, therefore, embraces the whole body of doctrines
and practices that derive from the constitution among all who live under it and
who are subject to its provisions.
5�� That the political community is governed
by law and that its highest law is rooted in natural law concepts
has been a central element of political theory and jurisprudence in the world
since the time of the Greek city-states of antiquity. Aristotle (384 � 322
BC) recognized and classified various kinds of constitutions. Ancient Greek
thinkers devoted a great deal of attention to the analysis of internal changes
within the state, they were deeply concerned with the constitutional
problems. The development of law was Rome�s greatest contribution to
civilization. There was a gradual development of the concept of law as
legislation and of the concept of the need for popular consent to law.
The medieval schoolmen recognized that people are sovereign and have
natural rights. In the mid-17th century, considerable efforts
were made to state basic principles of constitutional law in specific
documentary form. Much of modern thinking about constitutionalism
derives from the writings of the English common-sense philosopher John Locke
who provided a classic analysis of the concept of the state.
6�� The constitutional law
can be defined as:
1) that branch of the public law of a nation or state which treats
of the organization, powers and frame of government, the distribution of
political and governmental authorities and functions, the fundamental
principles which are to regulate the relations of government and citizen,
and which prescribes generally the plan and method according to which the
public affairs of the nation or state are to be administered;
2) that branch of the science of law which treats of constitutions,
their establishment, construction, and interpretation, and of the validity
of legal enactments as tested by the criterion of conformity to
the fundamental law.
The term constitutional law is also referred to a law,
which agrees with the constitution, one that is not in violation of
any provision of the constitution of the particular state.
56. ������� � ��3 �����, �� ���������� �������
��-���������� �� ����������� � ����������� �������, ���������� ���� ����������:
1) the
science of the truths or principles underlying all knowledge � ph�.y;
2) a
form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people � d �.y;
3) a
lawyer; a judge; a writer on law � j �.t;
4) laws
and principles according to which a state is governed � c
�.n;
5) a ruler who has absolute authority often obtained by force � d �.r;
6) rule made for the proper regulation of a community or society � l �.w;
7) absence of government or control; disorder; confusion � �a �.y;
8) doctrines and practices that govern the operation of the political
state � c �.l� l �.w.
57. �������������, �� ��� ���� �������� ������� ���
(� ��� ����������� ���������� �� ��������), ������� � ��3 ��������
�� ��� �� �������� ���������� ����.
Evolution, different, to control, to determine, aim,
priority, powers, certain.
������� � �����
�� �������� �������� �� ���:
unconstitutional, written, public, duty, simple,
external.
58. �������� �������, ���������� �� ����������, �������� � ������ ��3.
1)
Constitutions may be � . 2) A constitution is a statement outlining � . 3) The
principles of constitutional government are based � . 4) The condition of
anarchy is � . 5) In modern democracies, the constitution�s function is � . 6)
The central element of political theory and jurisprudence has been the idea
that � . �7) Aristotle was the first who
� . 8) Rome�s greatest contribution to civilization was � . 9) The medieval
schoolmen recognized that � . �10) John Locke provided � .
59. ������� � ��3 �� �������� ��������
���������� �� ���, �������������� �� ����:
��������� �������� ������� ��
�����������; ������������� �����; ��������� ������� ��������; ��� �
������������ �����; ����� ������; ���� �����; ������������ �����; �������������
��������; ����������; ������� �����.
60.
�������� ������ �� ���������:
What does the constitutional law consist of?
What is the definition of a constitution?
What are the principles of constitutional
government?
What doctrines and practices govern the
operation of a state and derive from the constitution?
Who contributed to the constitutional law
development?
Can we define the
constitutional law as a branch of public law?
What department of the science of law treats of
constitutions?
What laws can be considered as constitutional?
�������� ��
����������� �������
61.
���������� ����� �Characteristics of Constitutions� (��� � ��3) ��
�.31 �� ������� � ����� ���������� ���:
�) ����
�����������;
�)
����������� ������ ��������;
�)
�������� �� ������������� ������ �������� � ���;
�)
�������� �� ������� �����������, �� ������� � ���� ������� ���������.
62. ������� � ��3 �������� ����� �� ���������� ���; ��������, �� ���� ���� ���������� � �����, �������� ����
��������:
written constitution, not ordinary statutes,
constitutional significance, precision, simplicity, consistency, invites
disputes and litigation, rigidity, must be amended.
��3
1�� Every state has a constitution, since every
state functions on the basis of certain rules and principles. It is often� asserted that the United States has a written
con�stitution but that the constitution of Great Britain is un�written. This is
true only in the sense that in the United States there is a formal document
called the Constitution, whereas there is no such document in Great Britain.
2�� However many parts of the British
constitution exist in written form, whereas important aspects of the Ameri�can
constitution are wholly unwritten. The British con�stitution includes the Bill
of Rights (1689), the Act of Settlement (1700-01), the Parliament Act of 1911, the successive Representation of the
People acts (which extended the suffrage), the statutes dealing with the struc�ture
of the courts, the various local government acts, and many others. These are
not ordinary statutes, even though they were adopted in the ordinary
legislative way, and they are not codified within the structure of a single
orderly document.
3�� On the other hand, such institutions in the
United States as the presidential cabinet and the system of political parties,
though not even mentioned in the written constitution, are most certainly of
constitutional significance. The presence or absence of a formal written
document makes a difference, of course, but only one of degree. A single document has such advantages as greater precision, simplicity, and consistency. In a
newly developing state such as Israel on the other hand, the balance of
advantage has been found to lie with an uncodified constitution evolving
through the growth of custom and the medium of statutes.
4�� Experience suggests that some codified
constitutions are much too detailed. An overlong constitution invites disputes
and litigation, is rarely read or understood by the ordinary citizen, and
injects too much rigidity in cases in which flexibility is often preferable.
Since a very long constitution says too many things on too many subjects, it
must be amended often, and this makes it still longer. The 1949 constitution of India, with 395 articles, is the wordiest of all national
constitutions. In contrast, some of the world's new constitutions, such as
those of Japan and Indonesia, are very short indeed.
ϳ����������
��������
63. ����������
����������, ��������, �� ���������� ���� ����� ��3, ��������
����������� ��� �������� �� �����-�����
�����. ������������ ���� ����� ����������� � ������.
1. The
British constitution is described as rigid because
it cannot be amended by Parliament in the ordinary legislative way.
2. The
United States Constitution is one of the longest constitutions.
3. Every state functions on the basis of certain rules
and principles.
4. In
the United States there is no formal document called the Constitution.
5. The
British constitution consists of the Bill of Rights, the Act of Settlements,
the Parliament Act, the Representation of the People acts, the statutes dealing
with the structure of the courts, the various local government acts, and many
others.
6. No
part of the British constitution exists in written form.
7. The
U.S. Constitution includes such institutions as the president, cabinet and the
system of political parties.
64. ��������
�������, ���������� �� ���������� ��3.
1. Every state has a �
2. The British
Constitution includes �
3. The presence or
absence of a �
4. The British
constitution was described �
5. A single-document
constitution �
6. However many parts
of �
7. An overlong
constitution �
65.
��������
������� ��� ��3, ������� ���� ������ � ������ �������� ��
�������� ������� �� ������� ������ �����. �������� ������ ��������, ����������
�� ���� �� ��-�����.
66. ��������
������������ ������� ��� �� ��������-���� ������ �� �������������. ����������
��.
Remuneration, employment, welfare, insurance, requirements, tort, concerned, labour, earner, wage, strengthening, employer, beyond,
fair, tenancy, disadvantaged, encompasses, settlement, grievances, secures,
prevalence, awards.
67. ���������� �����
��, ���������� �� �������-��������� ������, ��������� ��������� ���� ��������,
�������� ������ ������� ��������� ��� ���.
Management, homogeneous, tribunal, industries,
originally, transformed, tendency, modern, collective, individual, personal,
autonomy, substance, obligations, elements, business, standards, inspection,
jurisdiction, procedure, process, variations, guarantees.
�)
������� �� ����� � ��������� ����� �Labour Law� (��� � ��4) ��
�.36 �� �������� ���� �������������� ��������;
�)
�������� ������������ �� �������� ����� �� �������� � ����� ��� ��� �
��������� �� ��������� �����.
68.
���������� �����, �������� � ��� �, �������� ���� ��� ����, ��������
���� �������� ����������; ������ �������� ������ ����� �� �� ���������
�������� ���������� ��.
Labour,
term, to vary, matter, administration, provision, particular, comprehensive,
insurance, property, to relate, requirements, to deal with, to govern, to grow
out, branch, legal, extent, to eliminate, to include, rural, to intend,
welfare, to strengthen, appointment, contract, remuniration, agreement,
authority, enforcement, grievance, agreement.
�)
������� �������� ����� � ��4, �������, � ����� ���-����� �� ����� �
�����;
�)
�������� ������ ��������� �����.
69.
������������ ��������� ��������, �������� ����-����, �������� ���� ��������.
ij������ |
������ |
������� |
||
����. |
���. |
����. |
���. |
|
To appreciate |
��������� |
- tion |
|
|
To predict |
����������� |
- tion |
|
|
To protect
|
�������� |
- tion |
|
|
To provide |
������������� |
- sion |
|
|
To promote |
������� |
- tion |
|
|
To develop |
��������� |
- ment |
|
|
To manage |
��������� |
- ment |
|
|
To agree |
������������� |
- ment |
|
|
To facilitate |
����������� |
- tion |
|
|
To employ |
������� |
- ment |
|
|
70. �������
� �������� � ��4 �������� �� ��������� 䳺��� �������� ��
���������� ��. �������� ����������� ������.
To interpret; to compose, to
settle, to employ, to ensure, to constitute; to state, to contract, to produce, to consider, to regulate, to prevail,
to solve, to recognize, to regulate; to organize; to increase;
to free; to remunerate.
71. ������� � ��4 ����� � �����������
��������� �� �������� ���� ��������:
general,
separate, individual, disability, old, danger, special, to exclude, united,
collective, young, ability, to include, safety.
72. �������� � ��4 ��������������� � �������� ������� �� ����������:
relation(s)/relationship(s), labour, legislation.
73.
������ ���������� ���������� ���������� ���, ��������� �������� ����
�������� �� ������� ������ �������� ����������. ������� � ��4 ������ ����� �� ��
��������� �������� �������� ���� �������������� ��������.
Remuneration � the
pay you give someone for something they have done for you
to undercut � to
sell goods or a service at a lower price than another company
welfare � (AmE) money that
is paid by the government in the
social security �
(BrE) government money that is paid to people who are unemployed, old, ill etc.
insurance � an
arrangement with a company in which you pay them money, especially regularly,
and they pay the costs if something bad happens, for example if you become ill
or your car is damaged.
74. ������ ����������� ��4, ��������, � ����� ������ �������� ����
����������:
�) ���
������� ��������� �������� ��������� �����;
�) ���
�������� ��������� ����� �� ������ ����� �����;
�)
���������� ��������� �����.
75. ���������� ��4 ������, �����������
����������� �������� ���� ����. �������� �� ������ ������� �����, �����-����������
�� ����� � �������� ���� �������� ����������.
��4
LABOUR LAW
1�� Labour
law is the term used to describe the varied body of law applied to such
matters as: employment; individual employment relations; wages and
remuneration; conditions of work; health, safety, and welfare;
social security; trade unions and labour management relations;
the administration of labour law; special provisions for particular occupational
or other groups. In its most comprehensive sense it also includes old age
and disability insurance.
2�� Unlike the
laws of contract, tort, or property, the elements of labour law are less
homogeneous than the rules governing a particular legal relationship. In
addition to the individual contractual relationships growing out of the
traditional employment situation, labour law deals with the statutory
requirements and collective contractual relationships that are increasingly
important in mass-production societies, the legal relationships between
organized economic interests and the state, and the various rights and
obligations related to some types of social services.
3�� Labour law
has now won the recognition as a distinctive branch of the law within the
academic legal community. But the extent to which it is recognized as a
separate branch of legal practice varies widely depending partly on the extent
to which there is a labour code or other distinctive body of labour
legislation in the country concerned, partly on the extent to which there
are separate labour tribunals, partly on the extent to which an
influential group of the legal profession practice specifically as labour
lawyers.
4�� In the
early phases of development the scope of labour law is often limited to
the most developed and important industries, to undertaking above a certain
size, and to wage earners. As a general rule, these limitations are
gradually eliminated and the scope of the law extended to include handicrafts,
rural industries and agriculture, small undertakings, and self-employed,
and office workers. Thus a body of law originally intended for the
protection of the working class is gradually transformed into broader welfare
legislation.
5�� The general
tendency in the modern development of labour law has been the strengthening of
statutory requirements and collective contractual relations at the expense of
individual employment relationships. How important these latter remain depends,
of course, on the degree of personal freedom in the given society as well as
the autonomy of both employer and worker allowed by the actual operation
of economy. In such matters as hours of work, health and safety conditions, or
labour management relations, the statutory or collective elements may define
most of the substance of the rights and obligations of the individual worker,
while with respect to such things as the duration of his appointment, his level
and extent of responsibility, or his place in the scale of remuneration, these
elements may provide what is essentially a framework of individual agreement.
6� The scope of
labour law also grows beyond the employment relationship as
important parts of it are increasingly made applicable to the self-employed.
This has been done partly, as in the case of laws regulating business hours,
to prevent the undercutting by the self-employed of fair labour
standards for employed persons and partly, as in the case of the
extension of old age and disability insurance to the self-employed and the
protection of tenancy rights of small farmers and sharecroppers, to
improve the living and working conditions of disadvantaged groups who need such
protection as much as employed persons.
7��� The
administration of labour law is the area involving the organization and
functioning of administrative authorities concerned with labour problems,
including labour inspection services and other organs of enforcement.
Administration of the law also encompasses the organization, jurisdiction,
composition, and procedure of labour courts and other bodies for the
settlement of grievances arising from existing contracts or collective
agreements.
8�� The
principle problem in many countries is to relate the process of labour
administration and its special intimacy with labour and management to overall
economic and social planning in a matter that gives proper weight to social
considerations in economic policies. This problem falls mostly outside the
scope of labour law, but its solution does depend in part on the extent to
which labour law provides for and secures effective standards of
administration.
9��� Among the
distinctive elements of labour law that reflect the political, socio-economic,
and legal differences from country to country are variations in the relative
importance of statutory regulation and collective agreements, the prevalence of
national or industrial collective agreements as opposed to company or
plant agreements, the exceptional importance in certain countries of arbitral
awards, and the extent to which the labour law of countries has been
affected by the constitutional structure, especially with regard to judicial
review of constitutionality of legislation and judicial interpretation of
constitutional powers, limitations, and guarantees.
76.
���������� �������. ϳ�������� ��� ���������� �� ����, ���������� ��
���������� ��4.
1.
Labour law deals only with the individual contractual relationships.
2. Labour law is recognized as a distinctive branch of
the law only within the academic legal community.
3. The scope of labour law is limited to the most developed and important
industries.
4.
The duration of appointment, level and extent of responsibility and level of
remuniration may be defined by individual agreement.
77.
����������� �� ����������� �� ��4, ���������� �����
(����) ��������� ���� ��������� ��������:
1. The elements of labour
law are less homogeneous.
2. Labour law is the varied
body of law.
3. The extent to which
Labour law is recognized as a separate branch of legal practice varies widely.
4. Labour law originally
intended for the protection of the working class is gradually transformed into
welfare legislation.
5. The scope of Labour law
grows beyond the employment relations.
6. Modern
tendency in the development of Labour law.
7. The administration of
Labour law.
78. ������� � ��4 �� ��� �����, �� �����
���������� �������� � ���������� ���������� ������ �� �������������-���: �������� ������, ���, ���������
�������� (�������� �� ���������), �������, ���������.
79. ������ ���������� ���������� � ��������, �� �
�������� � ��������� �������: pay, salary, remuniration, wages, wage, income, fee. ��������� ������ �� ������� � ��� ��������
����������, ������������ �������� ������� ���-����, ������� � ���� ������
�������.
�ay � money that you are
given for doing your job (that you earn by working)
salary � money that you receive as payment from the
organization (employer) you work for, usually paid to you every month, especially
someone in a profession, such as a teacher or a lawyer
remuniration � the pay you give
someone for something they have done for you
wages � money that you earn that is paid according to
the number of hours, days, or weeks that you work by your employer, especially
in a factory or a shop
wage � is used instead of wages before nouns
� wage (not wages!) earners
income � all the money that you receive regularly, for
work or for any other reason
fee � an amount of money that you pay to do
something or that you pay to a professional person (a lawyer, doctor, or
similar qualified worker) for a piece of work they have done.
80. ������� �� ���, ������� �����, ������ ��
����������� ����� � ��4.
Duty, scientific, body,
social security, to include, to concern, sphere.
81. �������
� ��4 � �������� �������� ���������� �� ������� ���������� ��� ��
��������������. ������� ����-�� ���� ��� �� ������� �� ���� ������ �������
���������� �����, �������� ��.
������ ��������; ���������;
����� �����; ���������� ��������� (������); �������� �����; �����, ��
��������� ����� ������ ��������; ������ ������; ������� �������������
������������; �������� ��������; �������� ������ (������ ������� ��� �����);
������� �������������; ���, �� �������� ������ �����; �������, ����
��������� ��������� �������; ������� ���; ����� ������� �������; ���������
(�����) ����������� �� �����; ����� �� ��� �������������; �����
�������� �����; ����� ����� �� �����; ��������� ������, �� ���������� ����������
�������� �������; �������� ������� ���� ���������� �������� (����������
����������).
��������
��
����������� �������
82. ���������� ����� �Future of Labour law� (���� ���4) �� �.41, �����������
�������� ���� ��������� ���� �� ������� �����. ��������, �� �������� �����
��������� ���� ������. ���������� ���� ������� ��, ���� ���������, ������������
��� ������ �����.
83. �������� ����� � ���� �������, � ����� ���� ������������
� ��4. �� ���� ����
���������� � �����? ��������� ���������� ����� ��������, � �����
�� �����.
Future,
law, importance, exceptionally,
body, history, sense, contract,
agreement, interest, chapter,
women, policy, respect.
84.
���������� ��4 �� ��������, �� ���������� �������� �����
���������� ����� �����������. �������� �� ����������� ����������, ��������
���� ����� ����������� � ������, �������� �� ���������� �����.
1. Labour law is one of
the oldest branches of the law.
2. Nowhere Labour law
is becoming more important and the general tendency continues to embrace a wide
range of subjects of legislation.
3. Labour law often
deals with matters previously left to collective agreement, individual
contract, or the discretion of the employer.
4. Labour law is
designed to serve the common interest.
5. The evolution of
labour law influences the development of the separate branches of the law.
6. The legal
flexibility is necessary to facilitate economic development.
85.
������ ���������� ��4, ����������� ��������-���� �������� ����
����. ������� ����������, ��������� ��� ������ �� �������� ���������:
1. What does the Labour
Law differ from the older branches of law in?
2. What body of law
does the term Labour Law describe?
3. Why is the Labour
Law becoming increasingly important?
4. What rights is the
development of the Labour Law related to?
5. What do
labour-management relations mean?
6. What part does the
Labour Law play in defining social objectives?
��4
Labour
law differs from the older branches of the law in that its history has been in
some cases so much influenced by the ebb and flow of political change, its
development so rapid, and its expansion on a world scale so recent, that it is
exceptionally difficult to predict its future. But the general trend is clear.
Nowhere
labour law is becoming less important. While some types of protective
legislation, notably special provision for the protection of women workers, are
losing their importance, the general tendency continues to be
toward more comprehensive legislation embracing a wider range of subjects and
often dealing with matters previously left to collective agreement, individual
contract, or the discretion of the employer.
Irrespective
of ideology or economic or social structure, the transition everywhere has been
from a class law pro�tecting the weakest segment of society to a community law
designed to serve the common interest. This is a development that can be seen
not only in the elimination of limitations and exceptions to the law but in the
increasing em�phasis of general interest�s matters, including full employment,
equitable distribution of wealth, and community responsibility for the
incidence of misfortune in individual lives.
Labour
law serves the social interest in
promoting civilized labour-management relations. This evolution of labour law
is an important contribution to the evolution of the law as a whole, from a law
for the propertied and trading classes with a special chapter for the working
class to a common law for the entire community.
The
importance of a body of law that has a dynamic and progressive impact rather
than a restrictive influence is now widely understood, and the need for legal
flexibility to facilitate economic development and change is increasingly
appreciated. In addition, the value of delegated powers and procedures of
consultation with interested groups and organizations to achieve such
flexibility is more generally recognized. Social objectives remain the test of
the validity of economic policy, and labour law plays a major part in defining
these objectives and ensuring that economic policy respects them in the
interest of the whole community.
ϳ����������
��������
86.
�������� ������� ������� ���������� ������� ������, �����������
��������� �� ������ �� ������������ ���� ������������� �������� �� ���.
�������� ��� ���������ί
������
� � � � � � �� �
1. ������� �� ��������� ����� ��� ����-���
����:
European Union � history and future perspectives.
Principle forms of European Community legislation.
Hunam rights and European Union Law.
�����������
���������� ����� �� �������� ������ ����������� (����-����� ������),
�������������� ���������� � ���������� ������ ������ ��������[1].
��������� ����������� ����������� (���-������ �������), �� �� �������� �
���������� �������, � �������� ���� � ����� ������ (���������, �������,
�������� ���������), ������ ��������� �� ������� ����������.
2. ������� �� �������� ���� ������ �Legislation of the European Union� (���. �����., c.220) � ���� ��������,
������ �������� ���� �� ����� �������� ������.
3. �������� ����������
����� �� ��� ����������, �� ���������� ����� ���������� ������:
1. Legislation of the Europen Union (c.228).
2. Human Rights (c.233).
3. The
European Convention on Human Rights (c.240).
4. International Law (c.268).
4. �������� �������� �� ������ �Contract Law� (���. �����., �.247) ���������� ����� (����� 40
� 50 ���).
�) international, private, acceptable, legal, humane, authoritative, sovereign;
�) behaviour, code, law, person, sovereignty, action, state,
rule, agreement, disputes, rights;
�) to establish, to institute, to impose, to consider, to observe, to
settle, to respect.
6. ������������ ��������
������� ��� �� ����������-����, ������� � ���� ������ ������� ���������� �����:
���������
���������, ��������� �������, ������ �� ���� ������, �����, ����������,
��������, ����������.
7.
�������� �� ����-����� � ���������� ������ ������ ��������:
�) ��� �������������� �������, ��������� ����� ��
�������� ������� � ������� ������� �� ���������� �� �������;
�) ���
������� � 䳺������-��������� � ��������� �����, ��������� �������� ��
���������� �������;
�) ��
��� ������� � �����������, �����䳺� �� 䳺������������, ��������� ���������
����� 䳺����� �� ���������� �������.
� � � � � � �� ��
1. ������� �� ��������� ����� ��� ����-��� ����:
The main principles of International Law.
International Court of Justice.
Advantages and disadvantages of arbitration.
�����������
���������� ����� �� �������� ����� ����������� (����-����� ������),
�������������� ���������� � ���������� ������ ������ ��������. ���������
����������� ����������� (���-������ �������), �� �� �������� � ����������
�������, � �������� ���� � ����� �������
(���������, �������, �������� ���������), ������ ��������� �� �������
����������.
2. ������� �� �������� ���� ������ �Contract Law� (���. �����., �.247) � ���� ��������, ������
�������� ���� �� ����� �������� ������.
3. ��������
���������� ����� �� ��� ����������, �� ���������� ����� ����������
������:
1. Legislation of the Europen Union (c.228).
2. Human Rights (c.233).
3. The
European Convention on Human Rights (c.240).
4. International Law (c.268).
4. �������� �������� �� ������ �Legislation of the �European Union� (���. �����., �. 220) ���������� ����� (����� 40 � 50 ���).
�) civil, international, private, acceptable, legal, humane;
�) procedure, behaviour, code, law, person, proceedings, action, contract;
�) to punish, to criminalize, to establish, to institute, to consider.
6. ������������
�������� ������� ��� �� ��������������, ������� � ���� ������
�������� ���������� �����:
��������,
��������, �������, ����� �� ������� ��������, �����, ������������ ����������,
������������.
7. �������� �� ����-����� � ���������� ������
������ ��������:
�) ���
�������������� �������, ��������� ����� � �������� ������� �� �������
�������, ���������� �� �������;
�) ���
������� � 䳺������-��������� � ��������� �����, ��������� �������� ��
���������� �������;
�) ��
��� ������� � �����������, �����䳺� �� 䳺������������; ��������� ���������
����� 䳺����� �� ���������� �������.