Çàâäàííÿ òà íàâ÷àëüí³
òåêñòè
äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü
ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè
äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â
ôàêóëüòåòó ï³äãîòîâêè
þðèñò³â
äëÿ ÌÇÑ Óêðà¿íè
(1 êóðñ, îñíîâíà ìîâà)
2004
Çàâäàííÿ òà
íàâ÷àëüí³ òåêñòè äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â
ôàêóëüòåòó ï³äãîòîâêè þðèñò³â äëÿ ÌÇÑ Óêðà¿íè (1 êóðñ, îñíîâíà ìîâà) /Óêëàä.
Ãîâîðóí À.Â., Ïåòóõîâà Î.²., Ðîìàíþê Ñ.Ì., Ìà뺺âà Ò.ª., Ëîçáåíü Ò.Ñ..- Õ.:
Íàö. þðèä. àêàä. Óêðà¿íè, 2004.- 48 ñ.- 1,83;
T E R M ²
When addressing people
in English we usually call our friends by their first name, for example, John or Mary. If we are speaking to someone whom we know less well we use Mr. / Mrs. / Miss
followed by the surname, for example:
Mr. [΄miste] Brown –to a man;
Mrs. [΄misiz] Brown –to a married woman;
Miss Brown –to a girl or unmarried woman.
Note: Ms. [miz, mez] with the surname (eg Ms. Smith) is increasingly used in
writing about a woman when it is not known (or not important) whether she is
married or not. However, as a form of address it is comparatively rare, being
mainly restricted to those women who are known to dislike the traditional forms
Mrs. and Miss.
Mister, Missus and Miss alone (without the
surname) are sometimes used but are not
polite, although Miss is
generally accepted as a form of address to a woman-teacher by primary-school
children.
Other forms of address are:
Sir –used
to a man who is clearly older and/or more senior than oneself.
Sir is also used:
1) by
shop assistants, waiters, etc to their male customers;
2) by
schoolchildren to men-teachers;
3) as a
polite form of address to a stranger, even if not older or more senior.
However,
this is not common nowadays in
1) in
the armed forces, to an (superior) officer;
2) as a
title (for knights and baronets), followed by the first name, for example, Sir William.
Madam
– used by shop assistants,
waiters, etc to their female customers. Except for this type of situation,
however, madam is less widely used
than sir. It is not used when
addressing woman-teachers (here Mrs.
/Miss with the surname is used), nor when addressing an older or more
senior woman. It is only rarely used to address a stranger, “Excuse me, please”
being the usual form.
Doctor – used alone only
to medical practitioners. When addressing a person with the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy or Doctor of Science, for example, the surname is always included – Dr. Brown.
Professor – used either with
or without the surname, depending on how formal or informal one wishes to be.
(Simply Professor is more formal).
General /Colonel
/Captain, etc – also used either with or without the surname.
Ladies and
Gentlemen – to an audience.
Mr. /Madam Chairman – to the chairman
of a meeting.
Waiter /Waitress
/Porter /Nurse, etc – to people in certain occupations. However, this usage is now
becoming rare, at least as regards Waiter
/Waitress and Porter. Instead
people simply try to catch the waiter’s eye, for example, or say Excuse me, (please).
Officer – to a policeman.
If one knows his rank, one may also address him as, for example, Constable, or Inspector. In practice, however, most people approaching a
policeman for information or help use Excuse
me, (please), without any form of address.
Note: Commercial and
administrative titles such as director
and manager are never used as forms
of address.
Your Majesty – to a king or
queen
Your highness – to a prince or
duke
Your Lordship – to a lord (peer)
or a high court judge
Your Honour – to a magistrate
(justice of the Peace)
2. Introductions and Conversation Openings
A person performing
an introduction in a formal situation says, for example: “Mrs. Johnson, may I introduce Mr. Bentley? Mr. Bentley – Mrs. Johnson”.
Less
formal alternatives to May I introduce…?
Are (in order of decreasing formality):
Let me introduce…
I`d like you to meet…
Meet… – mainly American
It is not always necessary to repeat the names
as in the example given at the beginning. In informal situation this is never
done.
The two
people who have been introduced both say:
How do you do? – in formal and semi-formal
situations;
Hallo – in informal and semi-formal
situations.
Pleased/Glad to meet you is fairly common
in American but is generally avoided in
In
formal situations English people sometimes shake hands when introduced, but do
not bow.
Two
phrases often used before introducing someone are:
Eg. Have you met my sister?
I dont`t think you’ve met…
Eg. I don`t think you`ve met my sister.
If you
have to introduce yourself, you may
say, for example: “May I introduce
myself? My name`s victor Petrov. I`m your guide”.
This is
formal style. Less formal is Let me
introduce myself.
Note
that Mr./Mrs./Miss should not be
used when introducing oneself (but only when addressing other people, or
speaking about them). Either the first name or surname is used together, as in
the above example, or, in informal situations, simply the first name.
Eg. My name`s Victor or: I`m Victor.
This
implies that you expect to be addressed by your first name.
When
introducing a guest speaker to an audience, one may say, for example: “Ladies and Gentlemen, I have great pleasure
in introducing Professor Hornby”.
When
two people have been introduced, one of them usually has to stars a
conversation. One way to do this is to ask a question such as:
Is this your first visit to…?
Have you been here /to… before?
Have you visited /seen…?
How do you like /find (our)…?
(How) are you enjoying…?
Are you finding… interesting /useful?
What do you think of…?
Are you interested in…?
A less
direct and therefore more tactful way of asking for information is to make a
remark with a question tag (usually pronounced with a rise to show interest).
Eg.: a. This is your first visit to
b. You`re
interested in ballet, aren`t you?
Other
remarks which invite a response are, for example:
Eg.: à. I hear you’re from
á. I’ve been told…
Eg. à. I’ve
been told you’re doing research in Soviet literature.
Eg. I expect you’ve already been on a
sight-seeing tour.
Comments
about the weather, especially with a question tag can also be a convenient way
of starting a conversation.
Eg.: a.
It’s a lovely day, isn’t it?
b. Isn’t this rain awful?
Tasks: Computer Program:
1. Learn to speak
English: Dialogues: Let me introduce.
2. Hallo
3. General Words, Phrases &Some Hints on
Conversing in English
The following words and phrases can be used in a wide
range of situations to make your conversation sound more natural, less abrupt.
Well
Well has many
different functions, the most common being:
1) to express hesitation or uncertainty, often before
answering a question:
eg. – Shall we go to the pictures tonight?
– Well, I really ought to stay at
home and write some letters.
2) to avoid sounding dogmatic or assertive (in
expressing an opinion):
eg. – Is it a good
film?
– Well, I enjoyed it.
3) to introduce a new subject (as a transition):
eg. Well, I must
be going now.
4) to express surprise and/or indignation:
eg. Well, fancy
meeting you here! I didn't know you liked jazz.
When spoken sharply, with no pause after it, well may introduce a contradiction or
objection, with a hostile note.
eg. – I'm sorry I took the newspaper. I thought
you'd finished with it.
– Well, I hadn't.
(The comma here does not indicate a pause.) Well in the above cases is said with
falling intonation. With rising intonation ft generally denotes a desire for
information.
eg.: a. Well, how did you get on in your interview?
(If said in a sharp voice it may sound hostile),
b. Well? What do you want?
Other examples of introductory well can be found in many of the previous chapters.
So and just are not generally used to
introduce a statement.
So
usually expresses a consequence, like the more formal therefore, and is used to connect two ideas.
eg. It's raining so you'd better take your umbrella.
So should
NOT be used to introduce a statement, except in certain specific cases.
eg.: a. So
there
you are! on finding sb/sth one has been looking for some time, or
about which one
it is! has heard
b. So you want to study English. (= I've been told) Just has several idiomatic uses, mainly connected with the idea of
exactness, or a small amount or a short period of time.
eg. a. It's
just what I wanted. (= exactly)
In spite of the variety of its meanings (which cannot
all be dealt with here) just should
NOT be used indiscriminately, simply to fill a pause. Well is more suitable for this purpose on the whole.
The expressions given below are used when
you want to add something that you have just remembered. They are used to introduce
suggestions, offers, requests and complaints, etc, when you want to sound
casual, matter of fact.
eg. By the way, what would you
say to dinner at a small quiet place? (casual invitation)
eg.: Incidentally, you still owe me
your half of the taxi fare,
(casual reminder)
eg.: While we are on the subject of money, how about a loan to tide me
over till Monday? (casual request)
Talking
about/of...
eg. –
Peter's taken the children for a picnic this afternoon. — Oh, talking about
children, could you possibly baby-sit for us on Friday? We've been invited to a
party.
eg. About that game tomorrow.
Would it be very mean if I asked you to give me your ticket? (trying to sound
casual about an awkward subject)
eg. – I’m going out to post some letters.
– Oh, that reminds me. I still haven't
written to Mary. The following phrases can be used to soften a statement or opinion,
to avoid sounding dogmatic.
As far as {I
know,... I (can) remember,... „ I can see,...
Personally...
eg. – I like
the new television series.
–
Personally, I find H a bit far-fetched. (See also "Opinions", p. 71.)
Actually...
eg. – The film
was made in 1982.
– Actually,
it was 1984. (tactfully correcting somebody)
In a way...
eg. –
Andrew's behaved very badly, don't you think?
– In a
way, yes, but I can't feel a bit sorry for him.
It all depends
(...) eg. – Is it
easy to get tickets for their concerts?
– It depends (who's conducting/what's on the
program).
When you want to make a statement general, without
implying that it covers all cases, all aspects of the question, you can use: generally (This means in most cases, usually.)
eg. – Shall
we go for a drive tomorrow afternoon?
– Well, I
generally play tennis on Saturday afternoons.
Note that as
usual has a different meaning. It refers to a particular case.
eg. – Here's
Mike. Late as usual. What's your excuse this time?
on the whole
eg. – On the
whole I agree with you. (= but not in every detail)
Note that
generally and in general are not
appropriate in such cases.
The thing is... (but
NOT The matter is..,) can be used to
introduce an explanation colloquially.
eg. – Would
you mind if I kept the book a bit longer?
The thing is I want to copy some
sentences from it and I haven't got time today.
You see can
fulfil the same function.
Such phrases as the following can also make your
conversation sound more natural and idiomatic but they have very little meaning
and should not be overused. Especially avoid repeating the same phrase too
often.
You know
... so to say
-As a matter of
fact
Frankly
speaking
Cliches and proverbs such as Last but not least, Better late then never and A friend in need is a friend indeed are rarely used by educated
people in Britain, as they are extremely hackneyed and therefore show lack of
originality.
On the whole English people are still rather reserved
and restrained, at least in comparison with Southern and Slavonic people. This
means that they are reluctant to assert their opinions too forcefully, or
express their feelings strongly, at least to strangers and mere acquaintances.
It also leads them to play down the seriousness of their misfortunes and
failures. These tendencies are reflected in the following conversational
habits:
1) wide use of
such words as well, personally, as a
matter of fact, etc and question tags (eg.:
Sally's a nice girl, isn't she?; It was a good concert, wasn't it?);
2) use of
understatement:
eg.:
a. (When one is very ill) – I'm not
too well at the moment.
b. (When one has failed to get an
important job) – Well,
naturally
I'm rather disappointed.
This is particularly desirable when speaking of one's
own possessions or achievements (to avoid seeming boastful).
c. – Congratulations on winning the chess championship.
– Thank you. We didn't do too badly, did we?
d. – What a beautiful garden you've got!
– Yes, it's quite nice, really.
3) a preference
for general, neutral subjects of
conversation (eg.: the
weather; one's surroundings – the town, countryside, house, etc; current events) and avoidance of subjects which may be
considered too personal (at least for conversation with, mere acquaintances) or
too specialized, thus excluding other
people present;
4) a
distaste for gesticulation. (Waving one’s arms about is considered
to be characteristic of foreigners.)
However, these are only general tendencies, not rules,
and apply mainly to conversation with strangers and people whom one knows only
slightly.
Task: Video Project Notting
Hill Episode 1.
Making
Acquaintance
The
naughtiest thing in the world is the weather. It’s like a capricious woman who
always does the opposite to what you ask her.
When
you want to go for a picnic in the open air you ask the skies to remain clear
and the day to be fine. Nervously you switch on the radio and listen to the
weather forecast. You tremble with joy to hear that it’ll stay warm and dry
with bright sunshine, and moderate breeze. Your imagination draws a hot summer
afternoon and yourself saying: ‘Nice weather we are having today!’ You take a
lot of food and no warm clothes, go to the countryside but… do not get anything
sunny.
You get
it cloudy and cool with intermittent drizzle, which ends with a thundery
shower. The sky is so heavily cast with clouds; the downpours follow one
another with such frequency, the rumbling of thunder and flashes of lightning
are so frightening that you’ve got no illusions left. You throw away the food
and go back hungry and angry. And when you are already approaching your home
soaked the skin it suddenly brightens up. Oh, Goodness!
Each
summer every student survives through the best time of his or her life – an
examination session. Then many students plead: ‘Please, weather, stay cloudy,
chilly or even cold with brisk northerly wind and rain torrents leaving pools
and puddles everywhere, especially on the playground. And I’ll be a good
student’. The radio promises: ‘Patchy light drizzle with showery outbreaks of
rain.’ But the ‘‘patch’’ is never in the right place. Instead the skies send
heat and excellent weather for a sun tan. Everyone knows that sun tan never
helps at exams.
And it
is always like this. When you go skiing and want to have frosty weather with
lot of snow, it starts thawing and your skis sink in the slush. Instead of a
snowfall and hoarfrost on the trees you get excellent sleet. The weather does
not fell any pangs of remorse.
When you
go in the car to the country, enjoying nice weather and a beautiful view of a
rainbow in the blue sky, you pay no attention to some haze on the horizon. Some
time later a thin mist in the distance turns into a thick fog and you spend a
lovely two hours instead of one steering wheel.
When
you plant some much-cared-for flowers in the garden, either a ground frost or a
hail storm kills them. Digging muddy flowerbeds one feels exasperated: ‘What
beastly weather we’ve had this week! And it keeps nasty! Wretched!’
To tell
the truth, sometimes the weather is ashamed and turns for the better. But not
always. More often it sticks to its own pattern and after a short warm spell
turns bad again. Why is it always like this? Maybe, because the weather likes
surprises and wants to bring in adventures to our life, breaking the boring
routine with marvelous happenings?
Tasks: 1. Evans V.,
Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course Book. –
2.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Work
Book. –
3.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Grammar
Book. –
4.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course
Book. –
5. Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate)
Level 4.
Student’s
Casstte. –
Topic: HOTEL and HOTEL SERVICES
Lessons 13-22
At a Hotel
When people arrive in a new
place they usually stay at a hotel. It is advisable to reserve a room in
advance. Otherwise you may arrive and be told that the hotel is full.
When a person arrives at the
hotel he speaks to the reception clerk. A reception clerk is a hotel worker who
receives visitors and gives them accommodation doing all the formalities. Once
someone decided to stay at the hotel, he (or she) is referred to as a
"guest". The guest is required to register, i.e. to fill in an arrival
form. The arrival form contains such items as Full Name, Citizenship, Home
Address, Passport Number, Date and Signature.
After registration the guest
gets the key to his room and sometimes also a card (pass) to show to the porter
on entering the hotel. The guests are asked to leave their keys on the desk
when going out. All the keys are kept on a special key-rack. Whenever the guest
takes his key the clerk looks if there is any post in the pigeonhole under his
number.
Large hotels provide personal
services. These include: currency exchange, Left Luggage, telegraph and post
office, barber's and hairdresser's, laundry and dry-cleaning, clothes and shoes
repairs. The service bureau of the hotel arranges sightseeing tours, books air
and rail tickets, calls taxis. One can buy souvenirs, newspapers and magazines
at newspaper and souvenir stands in the lobby.
Most hotels have restaurants,
bars and cafes. Breakfasts and dinners can be nerved in the room, provided you
ordered it the evening before. There is an additional charge for room service,
but emergency medical service is rendered free.
Guests can take single or
double rooms, or complete suites or two and more rooms. De luxe rooms and
suites are more expensive. Rooms with a shower are usually cheaper than with a
bath. If you are a light sleeper you will prefer a back-facing room to a front-facing
one, because it is quieter in the rooms at the back.
Rooms are kept in order by
chambermaids.
It is convenient to put up at
centrally located hotels close to the large shops, cinemas and other places of
recreation.
Guests are required to warn the
receptionist in advance when leaving (checking out) so that they can have the
bill ready for them in time. Guests may pay in advance, per day, per week or
when leaving.
You are
Welcome at the Hotel "Kharkiv"
Some weeks ago I was with a
business-message in Kharkiv. I succeeded in engaging a room at the hotel
"Kharkiv". I liked it very much and want to inform you about it.
"Kharkiv" is one of
the first class hotels in Kharkiv with all modern facilities. It is situated in
the
In the hotel's European-style
restaurant you will find a wide choice of European and Ukrainian dishes and
various drinks. The restaurant accepts orders for banquets, dinner parties,
etc. Table reservations are made. There is a cafe on the thirteenth floor. Buffets
are on the third and sixth floors. The one-, two- and three-roomed suites of
hotel are comfortable.
You can book a long-distance
call to any city of the world. In the lobby of the hotel there is a
post-office. The Service Bureau is on the second floor, it will help you to get
any information you may need, to get in touch with any office in
As to laundry, shoe and
clothing repair and other services you may apply to the floor maid.
On case of temporary departure
from the hotel, you may leave your luggage in the clock-room (check-room).
There is a hairdressing saloon on the first floor. Different kinds of souvenirs
are sold on the first floor too. At the newspaper stand on the ground floor you
can get national, local and foreign papers and magazines.
All necessary information may
be obtained from the hotel manager by telephone or at the Service Bureau. The
hotel service is day-and-night. The guests are asked to notify the
floor-attendant of the time of their departure.
Tasks: 1. Evans V.,
Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course Book. –
2. Evans V., Dooley
J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Work Book. –
3.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Grammar
Book. –
4.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course
Book. –
5.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Student’s
Casstte. –
6. Well R., Tort Ch. Five
Star English: Dialogues & Tasks. –
Topic: TRAVELLING. CUSTOMS and PASSPORT
CONTROL
Modern life is impossible
without travelling. True, we often get tired of the same surroundings and daily
routine.
Hence some relaxation is essential
to restore our mental and physical resources. That is why the best place of
relaxation, in my opinion, is the one where you have never been before. And it
is by means of travelling that you get to that place.
A hike, as English
dictionaries say, is a long walk or march in the country, for pleasure or
exercise. And to go hiking is to go for a walk of this kind.
If you want to see the real
countryside you should spend part of your summer holiday hiking. Many people
think that is the best way to see the country.
If you are a good walker, you will do about
five kilometres an hour or even more, but generally speaking, you should not be
in a hurry – if you want to enjoy your hiking trip.
As we have said, hiking is a good
thing, and one of its advantages is that you need not worry about luggage, tickets,
trains and other things.
Cycling is riding a bicycle,
and a cyclist is one who rides a bicycle.
You can get plenty of exercise and visit a
lot of places in the countryside if you ride a bike. Biking is even better than
riding in a car or motor-cycling because you can follow narrow trails in the
fields and in the woods where there are no roads. You can hear birds sing,
listen to the sounds of nature and enjoy the fresh air.
All this is impossible for a
person travelling by car or riding a motor bike.
Have you travelled by bus?
Some people prefer to travel by bus.
But to my mind the best way of
travelling is by car. The advantages of this way of spending your holiday are
that you don't have to buy a ticket, you can stop wherever you wish, where
there is something interesting to see. And for this reason travelling by car is
popular for pleasure trips while people usually take a train or a plane when
they are travelling on business.
Sinse that time the first
railway was opened people have covered millions of kilometers travelling from
one part of the country to another by train.
Passenger trains carry people, goods trains
carry goods, and mail trains carry passengers and mail. In
Long-distance trains are fast
trains. Local trains make all the stops, and you can get on or off a local
train at a very small station, even if it is only a platform.
If you are going to a distant
place, a sleeping compartment is very comfortable; a reserved seat for a day
journey is good. Local trains have
carriages with wooden seats as passengers make only short trips.
The traveller first of all books his ticket
in advance. On the eve of his departure he packs his things in a suitcase. When
the day of departure comes he proceeds to the railway station. For some time he
stays in the waiting-room. If he is hungry, he takes some refreshments. In some
time the loud speaker announces that the train is in and that passengers are
invited to take their seats. The traveller looks for his carriage, enters the
corridor and soon with the help of the porter finds his berth. It may be a lower berth, which is more
convenient, or it may be an upper one. The traveller puts his suitcase into a
special box under the seat. Then he arranges his smaller packages (if he has
any) on the racks. Very soon a whistle is heard and the train starts. The
travellers wave their last good-bye to their friends and relatives who have
come to see them off.
First the train runs slowly, then it
gathers speed. It is an express train and so it does not stop at little wayside
stations or halts. However, It stops at big stations and junctions where some
passengers change trains. During the trip the guard or a special inspector
checks the tickets of the travellers. Night comes. The guard arranges the beds
for the night. The passengers put out the lights and switch on the blue night
lamps. They fall asleep.
The next day the traveller arrives at his
destination. He calls a porter who helps him to carry his luggage along the
platform.
It was so many thousands of
years ago that we can only imagine how and where it really happened; how a man
discovered that if he used a floating log, the waters would carry him from one
place to another.
Afterwards, over a period of
hundreds of years, men experimented and invented many luxurious ships to help
them cross seas and oceans from one continent to another.
The traveler decides upon a
sea voyage. He books the tickets beforehand. He wants to have a separate cabin
for himself and his wife. So he asks for a second-class cabin with two berths
to be reserved for him. At the port of departure the passenger, together with a
number of others, proceeds to the quay. The ship he wants to take is moored
there. It is a fine ship of the latest design. The ship is to leave soon. The
passengers mount the gangway and come on deck. Here stewards are already
assembled to show them their cabins. Some are forward, some are aft, some are
amidships. The passengers settle down in their cabins. However soon most of
them come out on deck. Here they can breathe the rich sea air and look at the
busy traffic of the harbour.
The steamer soon leaves the dock where she
was moored. She advances towards the open sea. She sails at a high speed. The
sea is rough today and the ship pitches and rolls. Some passengers are seasick.
Others are not afraid of the rough sea. They walk up and down the deck.
Sometimes in order not to fall they catch hold of the railings. Soon the shore
fades from view. In some time the passengers are invited to take dinner in the
restaurant. After that some go down, some prefer to stay on deck, some remain
in their cabins. Towards evening the sea grows calmer. The passengers enjoy a
beautiful sunset at sea.
The next day the weather is better and the
sea calmer, though there is a slight rain in the morning. But later the sun
comes out and shines brightly in the blue sky. The ship passes several other
ships. Towards evening the first port of call is reached. But the ship does not
stay there long. Soon she weighs anchor and the voyage is resumed.
On the fourth day the traveller reaches his
destination. He feels healthy and refreshed; the sea voyage has done him much
good.
TRAVELLING BY AIR. PASSPORT CONTROL. CUSTOMS
Never before in the history of the world
have businessmen travelled so much as they do today. It is not surprising
because we are living in a world of growing international trade and expanding
economic and technical cooperation.
Nowadays people who go on
business mostly travel by air, as it is the fastest means of travelling.
Here are a few hints on air
travel that may be helpful: Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport
two hours before departure time on international flights and an hour on
domestic flights as there must be enough time to complete the necessary airport
formalities. Passengers must register their tickets, weigh in and register the
luggage. Most airlines have at least two classes of travel, first class and
economy class, which is cheaper. Each passenger of more than two years of age
has a free luggage allowance. Generally this limit is 20 kg for economy class
passengers and 30 kg for first class passengers. Excess luggage must be paid
for except for some articles that can be carried free of charge. Each passenger
is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the
stewardess when boarding the plane.
Watch the electric sign
flashes when you are on board. When the "Fasten Seat Belts" sign goes
on, do it promptly, and also obey the "No Smoking" signal.
Do not forget your personal
effects when leaving the plane.
Landing formalities and
customs regulations are more or less the same in all countries.
While still on board the plane
the passenger is given an arrival card to fill in.
After the passenger has
disembarked, officials will check his passport and visa. In some countries they
will check the passenger's certificate of vaccination. The traveller is also
requested to go through an AIDS check within ten or fourteen days of his/her
arrival in the country. If the traveller fails to do so some strict measures
could be taken by the authorities including imprisonment (in some countries) or
payment of a considerable penalty.
When these formalities have
been completed the passenger goes to the Customs for an examination of his
luggage.
As a rule personal belongings
may be brought in duty-free. If the traveller has nothing to declare he may
just go through the "green" section of the Customs.
In some cases the Customs
inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection. It sometimes happens
that a passenger's luggage is carefully gone through in order to prevent
smuggling. After you are through with all customs formalities the inspector
will put a stamp on each piece of luggage or chalk it off.
Tasks: 1.
Well
R., Tort Ch. Five Star English: Dialogues & Tas-
ks. –
2.
Computer Program: Learn to speak English/ Dialogues:
Going
Abroad & Through Customs.
Topic: PLACES TO VISIT
Lessons 39-51
KYIV – the CAPITAL of
Kyiv is
the chief city and capital of
The city stands on the
The
city limits enclose an area of 300 square miles (780 square kilometers) on both
banks of the
The
axis of the center is the street known as Khreshchatyk, which runs along the
bottom of a small valley the sides of which have in part been landscaped with
terraced gardens interspersed with tall, modern office and apartment buildings.
The greenery of the gardens, the trees lining the street, the squares that it
intersects--all combine with the variegated colors of brick, red and gray
granites, and decorative ceramic tiles to give Khreshchatyk an attractive and
colorful aspect much admired by Kyiv's inhabitants. Among important buildings
on the street is that of the city council, where the 800 elected deputies hold
their meetings. Intersecting Khreshchatyk at right angles is the wide,
poplar-lined Boulevard of Taras Shevchenko, on which stands the university with
its eye-catching red-washed walls. There, too, is the Cathedral of St. Volodymyr
(still in use as a church), built in 1850-96 in Byzantine style and containing
impressive paintings by Viktor Vasnetsov and other Russian artists. Notable
among the many statues in central Kyiv are those that commemorate the Cossack
leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. North of the old center is the
former trading and Jewish quarter, Podil, with a rectangular pattern of streets
and the old merchants' trading exchange, the House of Contracts, built in 1817.
Also north of the old center is the river port.
South
of the center is the Pecherskyy district, along the top of the riverbank. This
district contains many of the principal buildings of the Ukrainian government,
including the glass-domed palace, built in 1936-39 that houses the Supreme
Council and the 10-story block that houses the Cabinet of Ministers. Nearby is
the attractive
All
along the steep riverbank, fronting the
The
left bank is linked to the main part of Kyiv by a railway bridge and by the
imposing Ye.O. Paton road bridge, which is 4,920 feet long and named for its
designer. Between the neighborhood units are substantial areas of parks and
green space. These include the large botanical gardens of the
Kyiv's
ancient tradition as a cultural center is still vigorously alive. The
Kyiv
has good facilities for sports; the largest of its 15 stadiums, the Central
Stadium, can accommodate 100,000 people. Aquatic sports take place on the
reservoir of the Kyiv dam at Vyshhorod and also on
A number of factors combine to make Kyiv an
attractive urban center – the site, with its sharply contrasted relief and wide
views across the
Tasks: 1. Evans V.,
Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course Book. –
2.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Work
Book. –
3.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Grammar
Book. –
4.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course
Book. –
5.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Student’s
Casstte. –
6.
Computer Program: Learn to Speak English/ Texts:
Washington
& New Yourk.
Lessons 52 – Lexico-Grammar Test
Lessons 53, 54 – Revision
T E R M ²²
Lessons 1-13
This is
an establishment where refreshments or meals may be procured by the public. The
public dining room that came ultimately to be known as the restaurant
originated in
The
first restaurant proprietor is believed to have been one A. Boulanger, a soup
vendor, who opened his business in
Although
inns and hostelries often served paying guests meals from the host's table, or
table d'hôte, and beverages were sold in cafés, Boulanger's
restaurant was probably the first public place where any diner might order a
meal from a menu offering a choice of dishes.
Boulanger
operated a modest establishment; it was not until 1782 that La Grande Taverne
de Londres, the first luxury restaurant, was founded in
The
most illustrious of all 19th-century
In the
20th century, with the development of the automobile, country dining became
popular in
French
restaurants today are usually in one of three categories: the bistro, or
brasserie, a simple, informal, and inexpensive establishment; the medium-priced
restaurant; and the more elegant grand restaurant, where the most intricate
dishes are executed and served in luxurious surroundings.
Other
nations have also made many significant contributions to the development of the
restaurant.
In
Austrian
coffeehouses offer leisurely, complete meals, and the diner may linger to sip
coffee, read a newspaper, or even to write an article. Many Austrians frequent
their own "steady restaurants," known as Stammbeissl.
In
The
German Weinstube is an informal restaurant featuring a large wine selection,
and the Weinhaus, a food and wine shop where customers may also dine, offers a
selection of foods ranging from delicatessen fare to full restaurant menus. The
Schenke is an estate-tavern or cottage pub serving wine and food. In the cities
a similar establishment is called the Stadtschenke.
In
In
The
English
city and country pubs have three kinds of bars: the public bar, the saloon, and
the private bar. Everyone is welcome in the public bar or saloon, but the
private bar is restricted to habitués of the pub. Pub food varies widely
through England, ranging from sandwiches and soups to pork pies, veal and ham
pies, steak and kidney pies, bangers (sausages) and a pint (beer), bangers and
mash (potatoes), toad in the hole (sausage in a Yorkshire pudding crust), and
Cornish pasties, or pies filled with meat and vegetables.
In the tavérnas of
The
Turkish iskembeci is a restaurant featuring tripe soup and other tripe dishes;
muhallebici shops serve boiled chicken and rice in a soup and milk pudding.
Characteristic
of
In
A
common sight in most parts of
The cafeteria, an American
contribution to the restaurant's development, originated in
The specialty restaurant, serving
one or two special kinds of food, such as seafood or steak, is another distinctive
American establishment.
The Pullman car diner, serving
full-course meals to long distance railroad passengers, and the riverboat
steamers, renowned as floating gourmet palaces, were original American
conceptions. They belong to an earlier age, when dining out was a principal social
diversion, and restaurants tended to become increasingly lavish in food
preparation, decor, and service.
In many modern restaurants,
customers now prefer informal but pleasant atmosphere and fast service. The
number of dishes available, and the elaborateness of their preparation, has
been increasingly curtailed as labour costs have risen and the availability of
skilled labour decreased. The trend is toward such efficient operations as
fast-food restaurants, snack bars, and coffee shops. The trend in elegant and
expensive restaurants is toward smaller rooms and intimate atmosphere, with
authentic, highly specialized and limited menus.
Tasks: 1. Evans V.,
Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course Book. –
2.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Work
Book. –
3.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Grammar
Book. –
4.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course
Book. –
5.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Student’s
Casstte. –
6. Well R., Tort Ch. Five
Star English: Dialogues & Tasks. –
Topic: SHOPPING
Lessons 14-24
At a department
store
Shopping is a very important part of life, but shoppers are faced with a
confusing and rapidly changing situation. The confusion arises from the claims
made by advertising, a wider choice of goods than ever before, and new places
to shop. The prices of clothes, shoes, and make-up have gone sky-high, so it's
vital that you do not waste your money and that you shop carefully for value.
Be
sure of what you want — never shop vaguely, because when you get home your
purchase may not match anything else you've got.
Shop
around for the best price and quality. Start with a department store, where
they stock a wide range of goods and souvenirs. There you can find many
departments: haberdashery, Hosiery, drapery, millinery, ladieswear, menswear,
and footwear. If you are looking for a skirt and a top to go with it, you'll
need "Separates". You'll find shorts or T-shirts in
"Leisurewear", jumpers in "Knitwear", and a nightdress in
"Nightwear". In "Accessories" they sell belts, gloves, and
purses. Try on all the trousers or dresses they have in the line although it
may be quite boring to wait if the changing room is occupied. Check out the
racks with the sign "sale". Although it usually seems to be the
small sizes that are offered in sales, you can sometimes find some super buys.
Feeling
cheered up by your new purchase, don't forget to keep the receipt, in case an
item turns out to be faulty. You'll need the receipt if you want to exchange
the item or have your money refunded. If you are a bargain-hunter, try clothes
markets. They often don't have the high overheads of town shops and can therefore
keep prices lower;' though they can' stock substandard goods. Flea markets are not the best place to buy
anything. The prices are low, but the quality is, too.
Don't put off the purchase of
festive gifts until there are only two days left before a holiday. Department
stores are swarming with last-minute shoppers, so you may have to queue for
half an hour at the checkout till. From everywhere you can hear people swapping
rumours, 'They have sold out all the scarves', 'They have run out of that
cream'. You inevitably get involved in exchanging remarks with other people in
the queue or with salesgirls. Sometimes the talk gets so interesting that the
cashier's question whether you want to pay in cash or by credit card takes you
by surprise. Anyway, you pay and feel happy that you have made a bargain, which
puts you in a good mood.
Dear friends, make shopping
entertaining. Shop together with your friends. Enjoy attractively designed
displays and well-dressed shoppers browsing through trendy items. Then you will
definitely like it.
(Extract from the
book by Sue Townsend "The Queen and I". Abridged)
Sayako came out of the
changing room in
“That colour's very good on
you,” she said, smiling professionally.
Sayako said, “I take it and
also I take it in strawberry and navy and primrose.”
The manageress inwardly
rejoiced. She would now reach this week's target. Her job would be safe for at
least another month. God bless the Japanese!
Sayako walked over on
stockinged feet* to a display of suede loafers.
“And these shoes to match all
suits in size four,” she said. Her role model was the fibreglass mannequin
which lolled convincingly against the shop counter, wearing the same cream suit
that Sayako was wearing, the loafers that Sayako had just ordered and a bag
that Sayako was about to order in navy, strawberry, creamand primrose. The
mannequin's blonde nylon wig shone under the spotlights. Her blue eyes were
half closed as though she were encaptured by her own beauty.
She is so beautiful, thought
Sayako. She took the wig from the mannequin's head and placed it on her own. It
fitted perfectly.
“And I take this,” she said.
She then handed over a
platinum card, which bore the name of her father, the Emperor of Japan.
As the manageress tapped in
the magic numbers from the card, Sayako tried on a soft green-coloured suede
coat, which was also being worn by a red-haired mannequin. The suede coat cost
one ðennó less than a thousand pounds.
“What other colours do you
have this in?” asked Sayako of the assistants, who were packing her suits,
loafers, bags and wig.
“Just one other colour,” said
an assistant (who thought, Jesus, we'll have a drink after work tonight).
She hurried to the back of the
shop and quickly returned with a toffee-brown version of the sumptuous coat.
“Yes,” said Sayako. “I take
both and, of course, boots to match, size four.” She pointed to the boots worn
by the red-haired mannequin.
The pile on the counter grew.
Her bodyguard standing inside the shop door shifted impatiently.
When the Princess and her
purchases had been driven away, the manageress and her assistants screamed and
yelled and hugged each other for joy.
Sayako sat in the back of the
limousine and looked at
As the car set off on its
journey towards
She had already ploughed through
The Wind in the Willows,
At Hyde Park Corner the car
stopped suddenly, the driver swore and
Sayako opened her eyes. The bodyguard turned around to face her.
“A demonstration,” he said.
“Nothing to fear.”
She looked out of the window
and saw a long line of middle-aged people crossing the road in front of the
car. Many of them were wearing beige anoraks, that Sayako, a devoted shopper,
identified as coming from Marks and Spencer.
A few were carrying signs on
sticks.
Nobody appeared to take any
notice of them, apart from a few impatient motorists.
DRESS DOWN: a LONDON-BASED INVESTMENT
BANKER EXAMINES A GROWING
TREND IN THE CITY'S FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Working as a manager in the head office of
a bank, as I do, clothes can be a recurring nightmare. In New York, where I
worked for a time last summer, you have to brave the sticky heat every time you
venture outside, yet freeze once you arrive in a meeting with the
air-conditioner turned up full blast. I struggled to know what to wear. The
problem was compounded by the office dress code for the month of July and
August, which was 'dress-down'.
The
dress-down phenomenon seems to have originated in places where staff work
through the oppressive heat of summer whilst their families take refuge at the
coast or in the hills. Dress-down, restricted to Fridays, allowed staff to head
straight for their out-of-town retreats on Friday evenings without going home
to change. But in
For me,
dress-down is a nuisance for two reasons. The first is that it actually
requires a whole new wardrobe. For my male colleagues in the
Returning
to
Even
more irritating is the fact that I'm still obliged to have a suit hanging up in
my office in case I'm suddenly called to a meeting on our conference floor,
where dress-down is banned lest a client should witness it. One of my
colleagues started to accumulate more and more very smart suits in her office,
explaining that she was having her flat renovated and that the in-office wardrobe
was a necessity as she was staying at a different friend's place each night. We
weren't convinced.
For the
other great inconvenience of dress-down for the staff is that it makes it
easier than ever to spot when colleagues are going to job interviews. For the
rest of the year, it is easy enough to arrange these during the working week,
but in the summer when dress-down rules, it's a dead giveaway to arrive in
overly smart clothes and then pop out for a 'dental appointment'. I would normally
applaud this state of affairs, as a substantial part of my time is spent trying
to prevent valued employees from moving elsewhere, and any clues about their
intentions are helpful and allow me to nip things in the bud.
However,
the clothes hanging in my office are now finding a second use. I have suddenly
become the target for several 'headhunters', people employed by other companies
to try and tempt employees away with offers of better pay and conditions. The
headhunters that I retain on behalf of the bank are, of course, not allowed to
approach me. But others are, and have. Until recently, I ignored these calls.
I've barely had time to go to the hairdressers between overseas trips, let
alone attend a job interview. However, as the financial rewards proffered have
reached breathtaking amounts, I've been forced to take an interest.
The
only problem with this is that I have just the one suit at the office. As a
series of impromptu interviews with one prospective employer progresses, I'm having
to bring in additional clothes. I can hardly present myself as a highly-paid
investment banker, requiring a vast salary, if they only ever see me in one
suit. At this rate, I shall have to tell my staff that I, too, have decided to
have my flat done up. I just hope that none of them offers me the use of their
spare room.
Tasks: 1. Evans V.,
Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course Book. –
2.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Work Book. –
3.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Grammar
Book. –
4.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course
Book. –
5.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Student’s
Casstte. -
Bank is a business establishment that safeguards
people's money and uses it to make loans and investments. People keep their
money in banks rather than at home for several reasons. Money is safer in a
bank than at home. A checking account with a bank provides an easy way to pay
bills. Also, money deposited in many types of bank accounts earns additional
money for the depositor. People who put money in a bank are actually lending it
to the bank, which pay them interest for the use of their funds.
Banks are an essential part of business activity.
Business companies borrow from banks to buy new equipment and build new
factories. People who do not have enough money to pay the full price of a home,
an automobile, or some other product also borrow from banks. In these ways,
banks promote the sale of a wide range of goods and services.
Banks differ in the services they provide and in how
they are owned. Many financial experts use the word "bank" to refer
only to a commercial bank. These experts believe that savings banks, savings
and loan associations, and credit unions are not true banks because they do not
perform all the functions of commercial banks. Saving banks, savings and loan
associations, and credit unions are often called thrift institutions, or simply
thrifts, because their chief purpose is to encourage saving. Many countries
also have institutions called central banks, and some have investment banks.
Although such institutions are called banks, they do not accept deposits or
lend money to the public.
Most jobs in a bank are clerical positions that
require a high school education. Employees in these positions include tellers
and proof machine operators. Tellers cash checks and accept deposits. Proof
machine operators run the equipment that cancels checks and substracts the
amounts from customers' accounts. The machines also prepare bank statements,
the records of deposits and withdrawals that are sent to customers regularly.
In addition, banks employ book-keepers and operators of data-processing
equipment.
For college graduates, banking offers a variety of
careers. For example, loan offices arrange loans to businesses and individuals.
Bond traders buy and sell securities. Trust officers handle trust funds. Banks
also employ many accountants and lawyers.
The POST-OFFICE
Anybody who wants to buy stamps or
envelopes, to send a telegram or to get a postal order (or a money order) must
go to the post office. There is a post-office in every town and nearly every
village in the country, large cities, of course, have more than one. If you
only want to post an already stamped letter, you needn't go to the post-office,
ask for the nearest letter-box, or pillar-box, anybody will tell you. And very
soon the postman will deliver your letter or postcard to the addressee.
Let us drop in at the Post Office and see
what the inside of it looks like.
There is generally a separate counter, or
window, for each department: one for Postal Orders, one for Stamps, one for Telegrams,
one for Letters to Be Called For, one for Registered Letters and so on.
On this side of the counter, you see
several customers, on the other side – the clerks. Customers are standing at
various windows buying stamps, envelopes, postcards, registering letters; some
are sending postal orders, others are cashing theirs; one is collecting the
mail from his P.O. Box; a number of people are inquiring if there are any
letters for them at the Poste Restante, or Callers' Letters (letters by general
delivery). You can also see people writing telegrams, or sending books by
book-post and parcels by parcel-post. A messenger boy is carrying a large bundle
of parcels and newspapers.
As a rule the Post-Office not only delivers
and sends letters and other mail, but it controls the telegraphs and
telephones. It issues postage-stamps in honour of every significant event or
marking the memory of outstanding personalities in the country and in the
world. The Post-Office offers many services, for instance, it pays pensions and
family allowances, issues licenses for televisions and radios, sells stamps
either separately or in booklets with several stamps of various values, makes
trunk calls, etc.
Telephone
If a man needs to communicate with his
friend or business partner he can do this by using the telephone. Nowadays
almost all people have telephones in their offices and flats. Making telephone
calls you get in touch with the people you need, arrange an appointment with
them and do other urgent business.
In every office the telephone is an
important part of the communications system. The head of a large department
usually has two telephones on his desk. One is connected, through a switchboard
to the public Post Office System (or automatic exchange). The other is
connected to a private internal system. This makes it possible for members of
the staff in different parts of the same building to talk to one another without
leaving their rooms.
If you are in the street you can come into
a call-box, put a coin in the slot or insert a plastic card, take up the
receiver and when the dialing tone indicates that nothing is wrong on the line,
dial the number. When you finish talking don’t forget to hang up the receiver.
If you want to make a trunk-call you should go to the Trunk Exchange, book it
and the operator will put you through in a few minutes.
A
friend of mine was a penniless student at university in 1985 when she started
to go out with a man who lived in an oil-rich eastern state. To all her friends
he seemed like the possessor of boundless riches, not least because he gave her
a mobile telephone so that he could contact her at any point of her day
directly from his home country. Although virtually none of us had ever seen a
mobile telephone before, the overriding reaction was, 'What a waste of money
ringing all that way' as opposed to, 'Wow, that's brilliant'. From their
earliest incarnations, these telephones have never had the capacity to thrill
us in the way that other new bits of technology can. Sighs of contempt, rather
than envy, would be breathed in all the first-class train carriages where
mobiles started ringing in the late 1980s.
By the
mid 1990s, the mobile was no longer the preserve of image-conscious
businessmen. Suddenly, it seemed, every petty criminal could be seen organising
their dodgy deals as they shouted into stolen ones in the street. It was at
this point that I bought a mobile. I had been sneering for years, but I
reasoned that as everyone now had one, surely no-one would be offended or irritated
by mine, as long as I used it exclusively in the back of taxis or other places
where I could avoid intruding on people's mental privacy.
But I
immediately grew to depend on it and constantly checked that I had it, in the
way that habitual smokers are said to keep checking for their cigarettes. And
it affected my behaviour. Without the means of ringing ahead to say I was going
to be late, for example, would I have set off for my business appointment with
so little time to spare? I began to understand how those inexperienced walkers
come to call out the Mountain Rescue Team from the top of some perilous peak.
Without the false sense of security the phone in their pocket provided, they
wouldn't have gone up there in the first place.
What's
more, after a while, I realised that once it has got a hold on you, all
telephone calls are urgent in exact proportion to the availability of a mobile
to announce them. Because our modern lives have so much capacity for urgency,
the mobile is turning into an enemy rather than a helpmate. It is enabling us
to dash from one activity to another in the mistaken belief that we can still
be in touch - with work, with other family members. Yet, although we are
constantly on standby, we are not in a position to be fully engaged with
anything else. No mental commitment to the task in hand is possible when the
mobile can ring at any moment with another demand for our attention, no matter
how legitimate. In this way, I began to feel persecuted rather than liberated.
And
mobiles may be even more sinister than any of us could have dreamt. When
activated, it seems, they serve as miniature tracking devices, which, unknown
to their owners, reveal their whereabouts at any given time, even if no calls
are made or received. In a recent murder trial, the police showed that the
suspect travelled to and from the murder scene, despite his having denied this,
through using the computer records of his mobile's whereabouts.
But
what has really put me off my phone is a conversation I had with a terrifyingly
important man - one of the most conspicuously successful in
The
first person I came across who'd got the measure of e-mail was an American
friend who was high up in a big corporation. Some years ago, when this method
of communication first seeped into business life from academia, his company in
One
evening in
'It
doesn't really take that long,' he explained, 'if you simply delete them all.'
True to
form, he had developed a strategy before most of us had even heard of e-mail.
If any information he was sent was sufficiently vital, his lack of response
would ensure the sender rang him up. If the sender wasn't important enough to
have his private number, the communication couldn't be sufficiently important.
My friend is now even more senior in the same company, so the stategy must
work, although these days, I don't tend to send him many e-mails.
Almost
every week now, there seems to be another report suggesting that we are all
being driven crazy by the torment of e-mail. But if this is the case, it's only
because we haven't developed the same discrimination in dealing with e-mail as
we do with post. Have you ever mistaken an important letter for a piece of
unsolicited advertising and thrown it out? Of course you haven't. This is
because of the obliging stupidity of 99 per cent of advertisers, who just can't
help making their mailshots look like the junk mail that they are. Junk e-mail
looks equally unnecessary to read. Why anyone would feel the slightest
compulsion to open the sort of thing entitled 'SPECIALOFFER@junk.com' I cannot
begin to understand. Even viruses, those sneaky messages that contain a bug
which can corrupt your whole computer system, come helpfully labelled with
packaging that shrieks 'danger, do not open'.
Handling
e-mail is an art. Firstly, you junk anything with an exclamation mark or a
string of capital letters, or from any address you don't recognise or feel
confident about. Secondly, while I can't quite support my American friend's
radical policy, e-mails don't all have to be answered. Because e-mailing is so
easy, there's a tendency for correspondence to carry on for ever, but it is permissible
to end a strand of discussion by simply not discussing it any longer – or to accept a point of
information sent by a colleague without acknowledging it.
Thirdly, a reply e-mail doesn't have to be the
same length as the original. We all have e-mail buddies who send long, chatty
e-mails, which are nice to receive, but who then expect an equally long reply.
Tough. The charm of e-mail can lie in the simple, suspended sentence, with
total disregard for the formalities of the letter sent by post. You are
perfectly within the bounds of politeness in responding to a marathon e-mail
with a terse one-liner, like: 'How distressing. I'm sure it will clear up.'
Tasks: 1. Computer
program: Learn to Speak English/Dialogues:
Money Exchange.
2. Computer Program: Amrican
English/Diaslogues: At a
Bank.
Latin PASCHA,
Greek PASCHA, principal festival of the Christian church year,
celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his
Crucifixion. The origins of Easter date to the beginnings of Christianity, and
it is probably the oldest Christian observance after the Sabbath (originally
observed on Saturday, later on Sunday); the Sabbath subsequently came to be regarded
as the weekly celebration of the Resurrection. The English name Easter is of
uncertain origin; the Anglo-Saxon priest Venerable Bede in the 8th century
derived it from the Anglo-Saxon spring goddess Eostre. Around the Christian
observance of Easter as the climax of the liturgical drama of Holy Week and
Good Friday, folk customs have collected, many of which have been handed down
from the ancient ceremonial and symbolism of European and Middle Eastern pagan
spring festivals brought into relation with the resurrection theme.
These
customs have taken a variety of forms, in which, for example, eggs, formerly
forbidden to be eaten during Lent, have been prominent as symbols of new life
and resurrection. The hare, the symbol of fertility in ancient
In
Western churches it begins on Ash Wednesday, 61/2 weeks before Easter, and
provides for a 40-day fast (Sundays are excluded), in imitation of Jesus
Christ's fasting in the wilderness. In Eastern churches Lent begins on the
Monday of the seventh week before Easter and ends on the Friday that is 9 days
before Easter. This 40-day "Great Lent" includes Saturdays and
Sundays as relaxed fast days. On Good Friday (the day commemorating the
Crucifixion of Christ), the Mass of the Presanctified is observed. Its name is
derived from the fact that there is no consecration of the sacred elements of
bread and wine; instead, Communion is ministered from the Reserved Sacrament
(consecrated elements retained from previous celebrations). Other features are
the singing of the Passion according to John, the impressive series of intercessions,
and the adoration of the cross with singing of the Reproaches and the hymn
"Pange lingua" ("Sing, my tongue, the glorious battle"). Following
the Communion and dismissal of the people, there are no further liturgical
rites other than the daily choir offices until the vigil of Easter.
Easter is a spring holiday.
Spring is a time of plowing and sowing in the fields, a time of warmth and
awakening after a cob hungry winter. In pagan times Ukrainians believed that
the gods died and were reborn every year. An example of pagan customs is the
dyeing of eggs. Intricately designed Easter eggs (pysanky) have become popular
in many countries that have Ukrainian immigrant populations. To the Christian
Ascension Day (the 40th day after Easter).
Ukrainians added a pre-Christian tradition of going to the field to
inspect the progress of the wheat. The Trinity is celebrated in summer, on the
50th day after Easter. Traditionally people decorate their homes with green
tree branches and fragrant herbs.
Another summer holiday is Ivan
Kupala's Day on July 7. During the day everyone has to be at least immersed in
water. This was the last holiday before the harvest. August 2, St. Illia's Day,
marked the beginning of autumn. "Until dinner it’s summer, after dinner
it's autumn", people said. On the 19th of August, or on "Saviour
Day", vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, and honey were blessed.
On the eve of January the 7th
Ukrainians start celebrating Christmas. It's the day of Jesus Christ's birthday
and it is widely celebrated all over
SOME HISTORICAL EVENTS AND CELEBRATIONS
IN
On May the 9th we celebrate the anniversary
of Victory over Nazi Germany. People go to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier who
died at war defending our country from fascists, put flowers to the monuments,
and 11 the evening everybody goes to see the holiday salute.
On August the 24th we celebrate the Day of
Independence of Ukraine, which was proclaimed in 1991 on the decision of the Supreme
Soviet of Ukraine after the military coup in
Considering the deadly threat to
– Continuing the
age-old tradition of state construction in Ukraine,
– Proceeding from
the right to self-determination, provided for by the UN Charter, and by other
international legal documents,
– Acting in
pursuance of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, the Verkhovna
Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic hereby solemnly PROCLAIMS
INDEPENDENCE Of UKRAINE, and the creation of an independent Ukrainian state,
Ukraine
The
Henceforth
only the Constitution of
This
Act shall become effective instantly following its approval.
Our road to independence has been long and
winding one. But at last
Probably very few
people in
In
Every country,
which democratically chooses to accede to the European Union, endorses its
fundamental values of peace and solidarity. These values find expression
through economic and social development embracing environmental and regional
dimensions, which are the guarantees of a decent standard of living for all
citizens. While
Europe Day is the
annual occasion for activities that bring
Tasks: 1. Evans V.,
Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course Book. –
London, 2000. – Unit 5.
2.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Work
Book. – London, 2000. – Unit 5.
3.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Grammar
Book. – London, 2000. – Unit 5.
4.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Course
Book. – London, 2000. – Unit 5.Word List.
5.
Evans V., Dooley J. Enerprise (Intermediate) Level 4.
Student’s
Casstte. – London, 2000. –
Unit 5.
Leson 46 – Lexico-Grammar Test
Lesons 47, 48 – Revision